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UGC NET/AP SET People, Development and environment Tutorial / Notes

UGC NET people, development and environment material is now available for free of cost. Candidates who are preparing for UGC NET / AP SET / TS SET and other state eligibility tests can follow this tutorial to score good marks.The total syllabus of environment is divided in to 7 chapters. Here you can get detailed point-to-point notes for easy understanding. you can also get previous year bits and practices bits.Chapter-I (Development and Environment)<ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Millennium development goals </li><li>Sustainable development goals</li></ol>Chapter-II( Human and Environment)<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Anthropogenic activities and their impact on environment </li></ul>Chapter-III ( Environmental issues: local, regional, and global)<ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Air pollution</li><li>water pollution </li><li>soil pollution</li><li>noise pollution </li><li>waste ( solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic) </li><li>climate change and it socioeconomic and political dimensions.</li></ol>Chapter-IVImpact of pollution on human healthChapter-V ( Natural and energy resources)<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>solar, wide, soil, hydro, geothermal, biomass, nuclear and forest</li></ul>Chapter-VI (Natural hazards and disaster)<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Mitigation strategies </li></ul>Chapter-VII<ol style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.aprcet.co.in/2021/05/intoduction-to-acts-for-protection-of-environment.html" target="_blank">Environmental protection act(1986)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aprcet.co.in/2021/05/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-napcc.html" target="_blank">National action plan on climate change </a> </li></ol>International agreements on biodiversity: <ol style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.aprcet.co.in/2021/05/montreal-agreement-kigali-agreement.html" target="_blank">Montreal protocol </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.aprcet.co.in/2021/06/rio-summit-or-rio-earth-sumit.html" target="_blank">Rio summit</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aprcet.co.in/2021/06/convention-on-biological-diversity-cartagena-protocol-nagoya-protocol.html" target="_blank">convention on biodiversity</a> </li><li><a href="https://www.aprcet.co.in/2021/06/kyoto-protocol-climate-change-green.html" target="_blank">Kyoto protocol </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.aprcet.co.in/2021/06/paris-climate-summit-paris-agreement-on-climate-change.html" target="_blank">Paris agreement </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.aprcet.co.in/2021/06/international-solar-alliance-isa.html" target="_blank">international solar alliance </a> </li></ol>

environment paper-I notes UGC NET/AP SET People, Development and environment Tutorial / Notes

UGC NET people, development and environment material is now available for free of cost. Candidates who are preparing for UGC NET / AP SET / ...

International solar alliance (ISA)

11.6.21 dodda venkatareddy 0

<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>In accordance with the Paris declaration, the ISA was found on 30th November 2015.</li><li>It aims to collect more than $1000 billion US by 2030 by implementation of solar energy.</li><li>The alliance was initiated by Priminister Narendra Modi of India and President Francois Hollande of France at UNFCC COP 21, Paris </li><li>It is believed to be instrumental in helping countries achieve the objectives of sustainable development goals.</li></ul>Objectives:

<ul><li>Develop integrated solar or solar hybrid based cold chain solutions
 that bring economic value to farmers and producers, and include the 
post-harvest in-field technologies that can secure an extended 
shelf-life of perishable items</li><li>Encourage the use of sustainable, low global warming potential solar-based cooling technologies through financing and incentives for small- and medium-sized farms</li><li>Promote applied research and industry engagement
 to introduce affordable refrigeration solutions for small- and 
medium-sized producers with special emphasis on post-harvest processing 
facilities and transportation</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwlwWxZQbYX5-eZFxIpSlZaa3LekSs3Fc_bOM5hLXjJyq0vW3YtcWQ_2uoXPqppu_jxkMUw9etvEQHd1tUOCs1_dV8tqlHMpKjeqgr81VB1gZhgJ4kcrISm88oq3AgXaV_4m4lM6ErSWQ/s621/ISA.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="621" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwlwWxZQbYX5-eZFxIpSlZaa3LekSs3Fc_bOM5hLXjJyq0vW3YtcWQ_2uoXPqppu_jxkMUw9etvEQHd1tUOCs1_dV8tqlHMpKjeqgr81VB1gZhgJ4kcrISm88oq3AgXaV_4m4lM6ErSWQ/w640-h368/ISA.webp" width="640" /></a></div><div>One Sun One World One Grid

<ul><li>According to the draft plan prepared by the ministry of new and renewable energy , the ambitious OSOWOG will connect 140 countries through a common grid that will be used to transfer solar power. </li><li>The vision behind the OSOWOG mantra is “the Sun never sets” and is a constant at some geographical location, globally, at any given point of time. </li><li>With India at the fulcrum, the solar spectrum can easily be divided into two broad zones viz. 
 <ul><li>Far East which would include countries like Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Lao, Cambodia and </li><li>Far West
 which would cover the Middle East and the Africa Region,” MNRE said in 
the terms of reference in the RfP published to hire consultants for 
OSOWOG.</li></ul>
 </li><li>The plan is divided into three phases: 
 <ul><li>The
 first phase will connect the Indian grid with the Middle East, South 
Asia and South-East Asian grids to share solar and other renewable 
energy resources. </li><li>The second phase will connect the first phase nations with the African pool of renewable sources. </li><li>The third phase will be the concluding step of global interconnection, said MNRE.</li></ul>
 </li></ul> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QVGSBxeTxcia9OW0lm0NtamcxHGKQWnU2RuoaGGKtzeCCsydjeTF6L7DGkeGIiVvLhsVvFV-PKH92429BWlsgC_dipQfStWX7GVLFtEOw-qFVBWIULlsPe_QNAvl610rvO3sE2gfiGE/s482/P3Untitled.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="449" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QVGSBxeTxcia9OW0lm0NtamcxHGKQWnU2RuoaGGKtzeCCsydjeTF6L7DGkeGIiVvLhsVvFV-PKH92429BWlsgC_dipQfStWX7GVLFtEOw-qFVBWIULlsPe_QNAvl610rvO3sE2gfiGE/w596-h640/P3Untitled.png" width="596" /></a></div> Some of the most common renewable resources that are gaining popularity are:<ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Solar energy</li><li>Wind energy</li><li>Nuclear energy </li><li>Bio-flues</li></ol><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The solar energy rich countries are all located between tropic of cancer and the tropic of caprion. This is the region that receives the most amount of sunlight thought the year.</li><li>The ISA is open to 121 prospective member countries.</li><li>61 countries have signed the ISA framework agreement withing 2 years from its commencement.</li><li>The primary objective of the alliance is to work for efficient exploitation of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.</li><li>Bolivia is the last country to join this alliance on  30 Nov 2015 when president visit Bolivia </li><li>The alliance has partnered with world bank ($100 dollars)</li></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;">India's Role in the ISA:</h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> India initiated the alliance.</li><li>Served as host nation for its second assembly (Oct 2019) where total 81 countries attended and two new countries were signed 1. Eritrea and 2. Saint Kitts and Nevis </li><li>The headquarter of ISA is NISE, Gurugram, Haryana, India. </li><li>At the World future energy summit (WFES) held in Abu Dhabi in January 2018, The government of India announced the establishment of a $350 million as solar development fund to enable financing of solar project.</li><li>Allotted 5 acres of land and monetary support  of Rs 160/- crore to the ISA</li><li>India will produce 175 GW electricity from renewable sources by 20222, and 10 GW will be from solar energy.</li><li>India renewable energy development agency and solar energy corporation of India announced contribution of US $1 million each to the ISA corpus fund.</li><li>Currently, India is one of the top 5 countries in terms of solar energy capacity as well as total renewable capacity</li></ul> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvR4UBPRPQPfegV2NgLX4pMo1vvYkLTs-d2n9pm7X0KpTN53UFVCc5lmRV3bJBcKresFHY6GNFn9cUrP8mM5HqE8zBx1QQXqSLr-9cePCY-pVmVgZHq0h-bIPdYKxzm3RGlOe6E3DnCdE/s398/pasted_image_0_%25283%25299.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="398" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvR4UBPRPQPfegV2NgLX4pMo1vvYkLTs-d2n9pm7X0KpTN53UFVCc5lmRV3bJBcKresFHY6GNFn9cUrP8mM5HqE8zBx1QQXqSLr-9cePCY-pVmVgZHq0h-bIPdYKxzm3RGlOe6E3DnCdE/w640-h416/pasted_image_0_%25283%25299.png" width="640" /></a></div> Nicaragua, a Central American country is the 87th and the latest country to sign the agreement in 2020.The first two assemblies were held in India in 2018 and 2019 <ul><li>Various solar awards were conferred on countries as well as institutions. 
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;"><li>The Visvesvaraya award recognises the countries with a maximum floating solar capacity in each of the four regions of ISA, which are: 
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;"><li>Asia Pacific Region.</li><li>Africa Region.</li><li>Europe and others Region.</li><li>Latin America and Caribbean Region.</li></ul>
</li><li>The Kalpana Chawla award for outstanding contribution of scientists and engineers working in the field of solar energy.</li><li>The Diwakar award recognises organisations and 
institutions that have been working for the benefit of differently-abled
 people and have maximised the use of solar energy in the host country.</li></ul>
</li></ul>.</div>

environment paper-I notes International solar alliance (ISA)

In accordance with the Paris declaration, the ISA was found on 30th November 2015. It aims to collect more than $1000 billion US by 2030 by ...

QS World University Rankings 2022: Top 10 universities globally and the top 10 in India

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The QS World University Rankings 2022 have been released and 35 Indian institutes found a place among the total 1300 universities ranked from across the world. However, apart from the usual three, no other Indian varsity secured a spot among the top 200.QS Quacquarelli Symonds, global higher education think-tank and 
compilers of the world's most-consulted university rankings portfolio, 
released the QS World University Rankings 2022 which lists the world top
 higher educational institutions on Thursday. Massachusetts Institute of
 Technology /9NIT) is the top university in the world for the 10th consecutive year.Just like last year, the top-100 list doesn’t feature any Indian university,
 and this is for the fifth year straight that IIT Bombay (Rank 117), IIT
 Delhi (Rank 185), and IISc Bengaluru (Rank 186) are the only three 
Indian universities that bagged a spot amongst the top 200.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1MW996NSnE7wa-wtlshbeecVL6YL1wwb8q2QQ3QmHb4a9ot_iqhljEXYZelXX04RxGRCUhMdN7OvbdqHUzYhKLzj9mhZ8VR9AmkDun1A0LWbcdnAKg_YdgF7Sys2TtS_vqhWIHgsw9Ok/s700/Top-5-BBA-Entrance-Exams.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="700" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1MW996NSnE7wa-wtlshbeecVL6YL1wwb8q2QQ3QmHb4a9ot_iqhljEXYZelXX04RxGRCUhMdN7OvbdqHUzYhKLzj9mhZ8VR9AmkDun1A0LWbcdnAKg_YdgF7Sys2TtS_vqhWIHgsw9Ok/s320/Top-5-BBA-Entrance-Exams.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>QS has
 ranked 1300 universities this year which is their largest pool till 
date. In the total list, 35 Indian universities got ranked, with only 22
 in the top 1000, 3 in the top 200, and none in the top 100.The QS rankings for the universities are based on the following metrics:<ul><li>Academic Reputation (40%)</li><li>Employer Reputation (10%)</li><li>Faculty/Student Ratio (20%)</li><li>Citations per faculty (20%)</li><li>International Faculty Ratio (5%)</li><li>International Student Ratio (5%)</li></ul><h3>QS World University Rankings 2022: Top 10</h3>Here are the top 10 universities of the world:1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Location: Cambridge, United States2. University of OxfordLocation: Oxford, United Kingdom3. Stanford University Location: Stanford, United States4. University of CambridgeLocation: Cambridge, United Kingdom5. Harvard UniversityLocation: Cambridge, United States6. California Institute of Technology (Caltech)Location: Pasadena, United States7. Imperial College LondonLocation: London, United Kingdom8. ETH Zurich - Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyLocation: Zürich, Switzerland9. UCLLocation: London, United Kingdom10. University of ChicagoLocation: Chicago, United States<h3>QS World University Rankings 2022: Top 10 from India</h3>Only
 22 Indian higher institutions found a place amongst the top 1000 
universities of the world. But this number is relatively unchanged from 
the last few years there were 21 Indian varsities in the 2021 rankings, 
23 in 2020, 24 in 2019 and 20 in 2018.However, a statement from 
QS noted that the Indian universities have improved their performance on
 academic reputation metric and research impact. However, they continue 
to rank poorly in the teaching capacity metric -- no Indian university 
ranks among the top 250 universities for faculty-student ratio.Here are the top 10 Indian universities as per the QS World University Rankings 2022:1. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB)Rank: 1172. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD)Rank: 1853. Indian Institute of Science (IISc)Rank: 1864. Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM)Rank: 2555. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK)Rank: 2776. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT-KGP)Rank: 2807. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG)Rank: 3958. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR)Rank: 4009. University of Delhi (DU)Rank: 501-51010. Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU)Rank: 561-570

current affairs environment paper-I notes QS World University Rankings 2022: Top 10 universities globally and the top 10 in India

The QS World University Rankings 2022 have been released and 35 Indian institutes found a place among the total 1300 universities ranked fr...

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

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The Government of India launched National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) on 30thJune, 2008 outlining eight National Missions on climate change.It aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it. There are 8 national missions forming the core of the NAPCC which represent multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change. These are- <ol style="text-align: left;"><li>National Solar Mission</li><li>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency</li><li>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat</li><li>National Water Mission</li><li>National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem</li><li>National Mission for A Green India</li><li>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture</li><li>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change 
</li></ol> NAPCC is guided by following principles- 
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Protection of poor and vulnerable sections of society through inclusive and sustainable development strategy, sensitive to climate change.</li><li>Achievements of national growth through qualitative changes enhancing ecological sustainability.</li><li>Deployment of appropriate technologies for both adaptation and mitigation of GreenHouse Gases emissions extensively and at an accelerated pace.</li><li>Regulatory and voluntary mechanisms to promote sustainable development and engineering new and innovative forms of market.</li><li>Effective implementation of plans using unique linkages like civil society and local governments through public-private partnership.</li><li>Invite international cooperation for research, development, sharing and transfer of data and technologies enabled by sufficient funding and backed up by a global IPR regime under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</li></ul> The Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science &
 Technology was entrusted with the responsibility of coordinating two out of these eight national missions on climate change. These are: <ol style="text-align: left;"><li>National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) and</li><li>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC).</li></ol> Source: https://dst.gov.in/climate-change-programme

environment paper-I notes National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

The Government of India launched National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) on 30 th June, 2008 outlining eight National Missions on cli...

Rio Summit or Rio Earth Sumit

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<h2>UNCED or Earth Summit 1992, Rio De Janeiro Brazil</h2><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li>Earth Summit 1992 is also known as The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).</li><li>Earth Summit 1992 succeeded in raising public awareness of the need to integrate environment and development.</li><li>190 countries pledged their commitment to achieve by 2010, a 
significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at 
global, regional and local levels.</li><li>As a follow-up, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10) was held in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa.</li><li>In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was also held in Rio and is also commonly called Rio+20 or Rio Earth Summit 2012.</li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">The issues touched included: </h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>checking production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals,</li><li>alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels,</li><li>new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities,</li><li>the health problems caused by polluted air and smoke, and</li><li>the growing usage and limited supply of water.  </li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;">The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents: <ol><li>Rio Declaration: principles intended to guide countries in future sustainable development.</li><li>Agenda 21: non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development.</li><li>Forest Principles: Non-legally binding document on Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests.  </li></ol></div><div style="text-align: left;">Landmark Agreements <ul style="text-align: left;"><li>An important achievement of the summit was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.</li><li>Important legally binding agreements (Rio Convention) were opened for signature:</li><li>Convention on Biological Diversity.</li><li>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. </li></ul><h2>Agenda 21</h2>
<ul><li>Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development.</li><li> It was an outcome of the Earth Summit 1992.</li><li>The number 21 refers to an agenda for the 21st century.</li><li>Its aim is achieving global sustainable development.</li><li>Since 2015, Sustainable Development Goals are included in the Agenda 2030.</li></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;">Rio Declarations</h2></div><div style="text-align: left;">1. Rio+10 (2002) or Earth Summit 2002</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li>Rio+10 (2002) or Earth Summit 2002 or World Summit on Sustainable Development.</li><li>Took place in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002.</li><li>Rio+10 affirmed UN commitment to Agenda 21, alongside the Millennium Development Goals.</li><li>Johannesburg Declaration: committing the nations of the world to sustainable development.</li><li>It was a 10 Year follow up of RIO summit</li><li>It mentions the full implementations of the Agenda 21, overarching goal for institutions at the national levels. </li></ul> 2. Rio+20 (2012)
<ul><li>Rio+20 (2012) or United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.</li><li>Rio+20 was a 20-year follow-up to the Earth Summit 1992 and 10-year follow-up to the Earth Summit 2002.</li><li>It is also known as Rio 2012 or Earth Summit 2012.</li><li>Hosted by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro in 2012.</li><li>It reaffirmed the commitment to Agenda 21.</li><li>It was the third international conference on sustainable development</li></ul>Note: <blockquote>Earth Summit 1992 (Rio de Janeiro) = UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Earth Summit 2002 (Johannesburg) = World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Earth Summit 2012 (Rio de Janeiro) = UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)</blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h4>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)</h4>
<ul><li>The Convention stemmed from a direct recommendation of the Rio Conference’s Agenda 21 in 1994.</li><li>UNCCD is a Convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs (NAP).</li><li>National action programs (NAP) incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation.</li><li>It is the only internationally legally binding framework set up to address desertification.</li><li>It was adopted in Paris, France in 1994 and entered into force in 1996.</li><li>It has 196 parties, making it truly global in reach.</li><li>2006 was declared “International Year of Deserts and Desertification”.</li><li>The UN Convention to Combat Desertification has established a Committee on Science and Technology (CST).</li><li>CST is composed of government representatives competent in the 
fields of expertise relevant to combating desertification and mitigating
 the effects of drought.</li><li>UNCCD collaborates closely with Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).</li></ul> </div>

environment paper-I notes Rio Summit or Rio Earth Sumit

UNCED or Earth Summit 1992, Rio De Janeiro Brazil Earth Summit 1992 is also known as The United Nations Conference on Environment and Devel...

Convention on Biological diversity---Cartagena Protocol and Nagoya Protocol

7.6.21 dodda venkatareddy 0

In 1992, governments, indigenous groups and non-governmental 
organizations (NGOs) from around the world gathered in Rio de Janeiro, 
Brazil to talk about the environment.
 The Rio Earth Summit was the largest international environmental 
meeting ever. At the meeting, world leaders agreed that it was important
 to protect the environment for all people, including future generations
 (That’s you). The leaders decided to create three conventions to 
achieve this goal.1. Rio declaration on Environment and Development2. Agenda 213.Forest PrinciplesThe other important agreements signed which were legally binding too1. Convention on biological diversity (CBD)2. Framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikZB0UnOLZn3jEEGvT25x0OhYm76k2dm7tHMlKfZ4EYv6rSNvGW1kYmgJwQoZgFe1mkVxFEh_GZniiAGbE5eSYTF6ot1FUsMzdJ_uzgzKDKdi1zR7RqpFbwOVB_xuykGNXlXhygO6WXZ4/s500/cbd-world.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="500" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikZB0UnOLZn3jEEGvT25x0OhYm76k2dm7tHMlKfZ4EYv6rSNvGW1kYmgJwQoZgFe1mkVxFEh_GZniiAGbE5eSYTF6ot1FUsMzdJ_uzgzKDKdi1zR7RqpFbwOVB_xuykGNXlXhygO6WXZ4/w640-h288/cbd-world.gif" width="640" /></a></div> A convention is an agreement or contract. The Convention on Biological 
Diversity (CBD) is an agreement between countries based on natural and 
biological resources.Under CBD, it was for the first determined legally that the protection on biodiversity is a " common concern of the humankind".The convention on biological diversity was opened for signature at the earth summit 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 Dec 1992.The convention call upon all nations to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilization of its benefits.It is regarded as key document in the sphere of sustainable development.As of 2019, 195 UN states and the European Union are parties to the convention.The CBD has three main goals: <ol style="text-align: left;"><li>to protect biodiversity; </li><li>to use biodiversity without destroying it; and, </li><li>to share any benefits from genetic diversity equally.</li></ol>The CBD has two important supplementary agreements1. Cartagena Protocol - Bio safety 2. Nagoya Protocol - Biodiversity <h2 style="text-align: justify;">1.Cartagena Protocol [ 11 Sept 2003]</h2>The full name of the treaty is Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The international treaty concerns the movement of LMOs (living modified organisms) resulting from modern technology from one nation to another.
<ul><li>LMOs are defined under the protocol 
as living organisms that have a novel combination of genetic material 
secured from the use of modern technology.</li></ul>
</li><li>It is a supplementary agreement to the CBD like the Nagoya Protocol.</li><li>The Protocol was adopted in 2000 and
 it came into force in 2003. The protocol was adopted in Montreal in 
2000 but is named after Cartagena, the original city in Colombia where 
the protocol was supposed to be adopted. It was delayed due to some 
outstanding issues.</li><li>The Cartagena Protocol on Biodiversity seeks to protect 
biodiversity from the potential risks caused by LMOs arising from modern
 technology.</li><li>The protocol was adopted because of 
the tremendous advancements in biotechnology and the associated concerns
 about its safety and usage with respect to biodiversity.</li><li>It seeks to implement an 
internationally harmonised regime for biosafety in order to ensure the 
safe utilisation of modern biotechnology.</li><li>The Protocol has provisions for an Advance Informed Agreement (AIA) procedure.
<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;">The AIA is
 for ensuring that countries are given enough information to make 
informed decisions before agreeing to import LMOs into their country.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">There are four components to the AIA:
<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;">Notification
 by the exporter (This is a detailed written description of the LMO by 
the exporter, well in advance of the first shipment)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Acknowledgement of notification receipt by the importer</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Decision procedure (Approve/prohibit/ask for more information, etc.)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Review of decisions</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="font-weight: 400;">The Cartagena Protocol also sets up a Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH) to enable information exchange on LMOs between countries. 
<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;">It is also intended to help countries implement the Cartagena Protocol.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The BCH is an information-sharing mechanism for relevant technical, scientific and legal information.</li></ul>
</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The Protocol gives a precautionary approach to the issue of transfer of LMOs from one country to another.</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhZRCpnBGZlrml6LjjH2o-wLz__rwjNoifbYNMv2dJmPOWRr4PPzNAGnz63TA5lmNrn_wZoWzbNk-JOrgG6gt6jVVoHm-RYDw5AIeiu-J_UfThoa37nB-qMzTnGARnboeFTxOpyU-Mmho/s700/Screenshot-2020-05-28-at-4.51.03-PM-700x404.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="700" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhZRCpnBGZlrml6LjjH2o-wLz__rwjNoifbYNMv2dJmPOWRr4PPzNAGnz63TA5lmNrn_wZoWzbNk-JOrgG6gt6jVVoHm-RYDw5AIeiu-J_UfThoa37nB-qMzTnGARnboeFTxOpyU-Mmho/w640-h370/Screenshot-2020-05-28-at-4.51.03-PM-700x404.png" width="640" /></a></div>  Image Source: GEAC<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Cartagena Protocol Scope</h3>
The 
Protocol is applicable for transboundary movement, transit, handling and
 use of all LMOs that may have harmful effects on the conservation and 
sustainable use of biological diversity, also considering risks to human
 health.
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="font-weight: 400;">The Cartagena Protocol chiefly governs the following:
<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;">LMOs that are intentionally introduced into the environment (trees, seeds or fish).</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Genetically modified (GM) farm commodities (grain and corn used for animal feed, food or for processing).</li></ul>
</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">It does 
not cover pharmaceuticals for humans addressed by other international 
agreements and organisations or products derived from LMOs, such as 
cooking oil from GM corn.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">LMOs are classified as the following under the Protocol:
<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;">LMOs for intentional introduction into the environment – subject to AIA procedures.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">LMOs for 
direct usage as food or feed, or for processing – subject to simplified 
procedures which include informing through the BCH.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">LMOs for contained usage (like bacteria for lab experiments) –  these are exempt from AIA procedures.</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Cartagena Protocol and India</h3>
India is
 a party to the Cartagena Protocol (ratified in 2003). The nodal agency 
(Competent National Authority-CNA) in the country for the implementation
 of the Protocol is the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate 
Change (MOEF&CC), Government of India.<h2 style="text-align: justify;">2. Nagoya Protocol[ 29th Oct 2010] </h2>The Nagoya
 Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable 
Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) is a supplementary agreement to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="font-weight: 400;">This 
protocol is a legal framework for the implementation of one of the 
objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, which is the fair & equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The protocol was adopted in 2010 in Nagoya, Japan. </li><li style="font-weight: 400;">It entered into force in October 2014.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The 
objective of the protocol is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits 
coming from the utilization of genetic resources and helping in the 
conservation & sustainable usage of biodiversity.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The 
protocol creates obligations for members to incorporate measures in 
respect of access to genetic resources, sharing of benefits, and 
compliance.</li><li>It is one of the important environmental protocols of the world.</li></ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Nagoya Protocol Importance</h3>
The 
Nagoya Protocol is significant in terms of conservation of biodiversity,
 and for having an equitable sharing of benefits of the genetic 
resources. This is also intended to help indigenous peoples everywhere 
to avoid being exploited for their traditional knowledge and expertise.
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="font-weight: 400;">This 
protocol will help both the users and the owners of genetic resources by
 creating better legal certainty and transparency in the following ways:
<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;">It sets more predictable conditions for access to genetic resources.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">It helps in having a better benefit-sharing experience when the genetic resources travel outside the country of origin.</li></ul>
</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The 
protocol aids in ensuring benefit-sharing and thus leads to better 
conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. This, in turn, 
leads to better conservation of biodiversity.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The protocol’s adoption marks an important step towards the CBD’s implementation.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Genetic 
resources from animals, plants, and microorganisms are progressively 
valuable in the development of specialty enzymes, small molecules, or 
enhanced genes. These can be used in many areas, including drug 
development, crop protection, specialized chemical production, and also 
in industrial processing.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The 
protocol gives researchers a framework in which to access these genetic 
resources for biotechnology research in return for a fair share in the 
benefits arising from the usage.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Indigenous
 and local communities may receive benefits through a legal framework 
that respects the value of traditional knowledge associated with genetic
 resources.</li></ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Obligations under Nagoya Protocol for Parties</h3>
The 
parties to the protocol are obliged to take actions with respect to 
access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing, and compliance.
Access to Genetic Resources
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="font-weight: 400;">Access measures should have legal certainty, transparency, and clarity.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The rules and procedures thereof should be fair and non-arbitrary.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">There should be clear rules for prior informed consent and mutually agreed to terms.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The rules should have provisions for the issuance of a permit (or its equivalent) when granted access.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Encourage research that will contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable use.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Cases of imminent emergencies that threaten plant, animal, or human health should be considered.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Take into consideration the importance of genetic resources for food and agriculture, to have food security.</li></ul>
Benefit-sharing
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="font-weight: 400;">Benefit-sharing
 measures should have provisions for the fair & equitable sharing of
 benefits that arise from the utilization of genetic resources with the 
contracting party that provides genetic resources. </li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Utilization
 implies R&D on the biochemical or genetic composition of genetic 
resources, and also resultant applications & commercialization. </li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Sharing should be subject to mutually-agreed terms. </li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Benefits 
could be non-monetary or monetary. Benefits could be in the form of 
royalties and/or sharing of the results of the research.</li></ul>
Compliance
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="font-weight: 400;">This includes having legal provisions for the implementation of the protocol.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">This also includes having dispute resolution mechanisms in place for resolving any disputes.</li></ul>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">Nagoya Protocol and India</h2>
India 
signed the Nagoya Protocol in 2011 and ratified it in October 2012. The 
ratification by India was done at the 11th Conference of Parties (COP) 
to the CBD, which was conducted in Hyderabad.
The domestic legislation in India for the implementation of the CBD is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Source: https://bch.cbd.int/protocol/

environment paper-I notes Convention on Biological diversity---Cartagena Protocol and Nagoya Protocol

In 1992, governments, indigenous groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from around the world gathered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil...

Kyoto Protocol - Climate change / Green house gasses

6.6.21 dodda venkatareddy 0

Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement between nations to mandate country-to-country reduction in green house gas emissions. Kyoto Protocol was signed at the 3rd COP of the UNFCC in Kyoto, Japan.Started in 1997 and came into effect in 2005.There are around 192 member counties where the major polluting countries like US ( never signed the protocol) and Canada (withdrew in 2012) are absent.It is an international treaty which extends the 1992 UNFCCC that commits state parties to reduce green house gas emissions.The detailed rules for the implementation of protocol were adopted at COP-7 in Marrakesh, Morocco in 2001 and are refereed to as the Marrakesh record.The target covers six main gases( Green house gases) such as: Carbon dioxide(CO2), methane(Ch4), Nitrous oxide(N2O), Chlorofluorocarbons(HFCs), Per fluorocarbons(PFCs), and Sulphur hexaflioride(SF6) Commitment period: 1st (2008-2012) and 2nd(2012-2020)The Kyoto flexible market protocol mechanism include1) Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)2) Emission Trading3) Joint ImplementationShare of carbon dioxide emission from fuel combustion(2015): 1. China-28% 2. United States-15% 3.Russia -5% 4. India-6%The concept of carbon credit and carbon footprint oriented from Kyoto protocol.India has been consistent in its position about the core principle of the Kyoto of the CBRD ( Common but differentiated responsibility. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ikLTI-yrRyBBBKq1_vcPsGPjokJX1dpjC6YJwpXhM5txCJ9w44veG88Kvrz4-4nkN7VNiJRArmlKllTDBlKYZOZd6cz3bquRhCu9odJ_BcLMqwiu-Wbu0NJYuRuxhmh-zZyTJtLCvG4/s709/02-16-%25E2%2580%2593-The-Kyoto-Protocol.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="709" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ikLTI-yrRyBBBKq1_vcPsGPjokJX1dpjC6YJwpXhM5txCJ9w44veG88Kvrz4-4nkN7VNiJRArmlKllTDBlKYZOZd6cz3bquRhCu9odJ_BcLMqwiu-Wbu0NJYuRuxhmh-zZyTJtLCvG4/w640-h640/02-16-%25E2%2580%2593-The-Kyoto-Protocol.webp" width="640" /></a></div>The world’s first legally-binding climate change agreement came into 
force. The Kyoto protocol, to which 192 countries are a party, aimed to 
reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases by 5.2% by 2012, relative to 
1990. This graphic gives a brief overview of the agreement and the 
outcome of its first period.UGC NET Previous Year Bits:1. Kyoto Protocol is related to________ [UGC NET-2013] a) Ozone depletion b) Hazardous waste c) Climate change d) Nuclear energy

environment paper-I notes Kyoto Protocol - Climate change / Green house gasses

Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement between nations to mandate country-to-country reduction in green house gas emissions. Kyoto P...

Performance Grading Index, PGI 2019-20

6.6.21 dodda venkatareddy 0

The PGI exercise envisages that the index would propel states and UTs towards undertaking multi-pronged interventions that will bring about much-desired optimal education outcomes. Education Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank today approved the 
release of the Perforance Grading Index or PGI 2019-20. The index grades
 States and Union Territories on a set of 70 parameters to assess and 
catlyse transformational change in the field of education. 5 states and 
union territories namely Punjab, Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu, Andaman & 
Nicobar Islands and Kerala occupy the highest grade (Grade A++) for 
2019-20.

First published in 2019 for the year 2017-18, PGI as an exercise aims 
to undertake multi-pronged interventions that could help various states 
and administration to reach the desired goals vis a vis education. The 
report also helps as a good source of information of best practices 
followed by other States and UTs. The aim is to help states/ UTs to 
pinpoint the areas of concerns and learning gaps and effectively bridge 
them.<h2>PGI 2019-2020: Summary</h2>

In comparison to previous year, PGI 2018-19 report show improvement 
across most of the states. For the first time, 5 states have attained 
Level II score of 901-950 which is Grade A or 1++. Ladakh (which is 
graded for the first time) is placed in Grade VII) and Meghalaya which 
is Grade VI have been graded in 601-650.

3 States/UTs – namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Punjab and 
Arunachal Pradesh have improved their score by 20% while 11 states/UTs 
have improved their score by 10% - 20%. 10 states including Karnataka 
and NCT of Delhi have registered an improvement of 5% to 10% in their 
PGI score. The Grade wise lists of various States/ UTs for PGI 2019-20 
is provided below. <a href="https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics-new/pgi_2019_20_en.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Read Full Report here. </a>

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 100%;">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Grade/ Scores</td>
			<td>Names of States/ UTs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level I 9951 - 1000)</td>
			<td> Nil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level II (901 - 950), Grade I ++</td>
			<td>Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Punjab, Kerala, Tamil Nadu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level III (851 - 900) Grade I+</td>
			<td>Dadra * Nagar Haveli, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, NCT of Delhi, Ppuducherry, Rajasthan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level IV (801-850) Grade I </td>
			<td>Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Daman & Diu, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level V (751 - 800) Grade II</td>
			<td>Goa, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Lakshadweep, Manipur, Sikkim, Telangana</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level VI (701 - 750) Grade III</td>
			<td>Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level VII (651 - 700) Grade IV</td>
			<td>Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Nagaland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level VIII (601 - 650) Grade V</td>
			<td>Meghalaya</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level XI (551 - 600) Grade VI</td>
			<td>Nil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Level X (0 - 550) Grade VII</td>
			<td>Ladakh</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Overall, Nineteen States and UTs have shown improvement by 10% (36 
points) or more in the PGI domain: Governance Process. Andaman & 
Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Punjab, 
Rajasthan and West Bengal have shown improvement by at least 20% (72 
points or more).

current affairs Performance Grading Index, PGI 2019-20

The PGI exercise envisages that the index would propel states and UTs towards undertaking multi-pronged interventions that will bring about...

Paris Climate summit or Paris agreement on Climate change

5.6.21 dodda venkatareddy 0

<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Paris climate summit is one of the most important summits of recent times. It was supposed to be the most undeniable agreement post Kyoto. </li><li>the overall objective of this summit was to limit the global temperature increased 2030 to below 2 degree Celsius.</li><li>In 2015, Paris agreement was signed as an international agreement with an aim to reduce global greenhouse gas and this, it deals with the climate change.</li><li>There are 29 articles in agreement. </li><li>There have to be efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degree Celsius above per-industrial level.</li><li>It talk about limiting of the amount of green house gasses emitted by human activity.</li><li>A 100-billion dollar fund is to be created from 2020, which is to be reviewed by the year 2025. The review mechanism will be held every five years. First to be conducted in 2023.</li><li>Developing countries must be encouraged to "enhance their efforts" and move over time to increase their cuts at the same time developed countries counting to take lead.</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq20_1IruY-HGH17u5Gxi26o4iBzkHw1gx9bNuWrzZ3OIsClrKkOM7N7AhgFCBUkNJLzvvAKK2aiu1kHCjCGg_jN2YPS0jv4B52_tWhUn-mi0Gkpz9dX1k5f9dwaAggO6DbhoYZf4GeAQ/s1024/Paris-1024x1021.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="1024" height="638" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq20_1IruY-HGH17u5Gxi26o4iBzkHw1gx9bNuWrzZ3OIsClrKkOM7N7AhgFCBUkNJLzvvAKK2aiu1kHCjCGg_jN2YPS0jv4B52_tWhUn-mi0Gkpz9dX1k5f9dwaAggO6DbhoYZf4GeAQ/w640-h638/Paris-1024x1021.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> Under article 2 of Paris summit the following are the major aims:1. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degree Celsius above per-industrial level. and at the same time pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degree Celsius above per-industrial level.2. Making finance flows consistent with a pathways towards low greenhouse gas emissions and to find suitable funding mechanisms.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Paris agreement comes under the broad umbrella of UNFCCC. </li><li>UNFCCC is a convention held in 1992 to combat climate change.</li><li>Kyoto protocol (1997) was another major international commitment under UNFCCC.</li><li>India has also pledged to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree coverage by 2030.</li><li>The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016.</li><li>To achieve this long-term temperature goal, countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate neutral world by mid-century.</li><li>The Paris Agreement is a landmark in the multilateral 
climate change process because, for the first time, a binding 
agreement brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious 
efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects. </li></ul><h2>What have we achieved so far?</h2>
Although climate change action needs to be massively increased to 
achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, the years since its entry into
 force have already sparked low-carbon solutions and new markets. More and more countries, regions, cities and companies are establishing carbon neutrality targets. Zero-carbon solutions are becoming competitive across economic sectors representing 25% of emissions. This trend is most noticeable in the power and  transport sectors and has created many new business opportunities for early movers.
By 2030, zero-carbon solutions could be competitive in sectors representing over 70% of global emissions.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik4qgXTcwHPD4nG_myPyoSOYIVNp18dlR7JL1IsUzq4BbB_OFVYRwvRV8MSMSsgqPcph3N9EcUdaBDkexpsyII23U5JXNnJBYkoEj3vOhTbZJof4PTaahhn0gVaxrMcCG22lcNJdjgul8/s1637/Climate-Action-Plan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1637" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik4qgXTcwHPD4nG_myPyoSOYIVNp18dlR7JL1IsUzq4BbB_OFVYRwvRV8MSMSsgqPcph3N9EcUdaBDkexpsyII23U5JXNnJBYkoEj3vOhTbZJof4PTaahhn0gVaxrMcCG22lcNJdjgul8/w470-h640/Climate-Action-Plan.jpg" width="470" /></a></div>  Source: <a href="http://unfccc.int">unfccc.int</a>Previous Year UGC NET Bits:1. As per provisions of Paris agreement, the intended national determined contribution reviewed by every [ UGC NET Dec-19]a) 15 years b) 10 years c) 5 years d) 3 years2. The Paris agreement aims to limit the temperature rise in this century by how many degrees Celsius the per-industrial levels?  [ UGC NET June-19]a) 1 degrees Celsius  b) 2 degrees Celsius c) 0.5 degrees Celsius  d) 3 degrees Celsius 3. Which of the following are the features of Paris agreement? [ UGC NET June-2020]a) The agreement focuses on mitigation measures fr environment pollutionb) The agreement recognizes the principles of equality and common but differentiated responsibilities.C) Paris agreement pertains to 2020 climate actions.Ans: b and C

environment paper-I notes Paris Climate summit or Paris agreement on Climate change

Paris climate summit is one of the most important summits of recent times. It was supposed to be the most undeniable agreement post Kyoto. t...

SDG India Index 2020-21: NITI Aayog

4.6.21 dodda venkatareddy 0

Recently, the third edition of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index and Dashboard 2020–21 was released by NITI Aayog.
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"><li>The SDG India Index 2020–21 is developed in collaboration with the United Nations in India.</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizYyEudtdP2qpyhAqcfD7a_JWECFPbKFOxE4oWVoutReb0GnYJ4vbwF-vuf9HX7f2PKzQLZHnWwakKHd7_Hl7yOLqSISSLOzKlp16FWSzESe8VwjCmZMpYJU8XC6ahi82F7T_0c0UqRZE/s615/1622806197_image5.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="615" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizYyEudtdP2qpyhAqcfD7a_JWECFPbKFOxE4oWVoutReb0GnYJ4vbwF-vuf9HX7f2PKzQLZHnWwakKHd7_Hl7yOLqSISSLOzKlp16FWSzESe8VwjCmZMpYJU8XC6ahi82F7T_0c0UqRZE/w640-h426/1622806197_image5.webp" width="640" /></a></div>   <h3>Key Points to remember </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square; text-align: left;"><li>About: 
 <ol><li>The NITI Aayog launched its index in 2018 to monitor the country’s progress on the goals through data-driven assessment, and foster a competitive spirit among the States and Union Territories in achieving them.</li><li>NITI Aayog has the twin mandate to oversee the adoption and monitoring of the SDGs in the country, and also promote competitive and cooperative federalism among States and UTs. </li><li>The index represents the articulation of the comprehensive nature of the Global Goals under the 2030 Agenda while being attuned to the national priorities.</li><li>In 2015, the UNs General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.</li><li>The 17 SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) started, and tackle some of the more pressing challenges.</li><li>The SDG India Index 2020–21 is also live on an online dashboard, which has cross-sectoral relevance across policy, civil society, business, and academia.</li></ol>
</li><li>Methodology: 
<ol><li>The SDG India Index computes goal-wise scores on the 16 SDGs for each State and Union Territory.</li><li>These scores range between 0–100, and if a State/UT achieves a score of 100, it signifies it has achieved the 2030 targets. 
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;"><li>The higher the score of a State/UT, the greater the distance to target achieved.</li></ul>
</li><li>States and Union Territories are classified in four categories based on their SDG India Index score: Aspirant (0–49), Performer (50–64), Front-Runner (65–99), Achiever (100).<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4WucpN-0BTSbIVDGweywX7FP-ZmlCGX9RUD29zcHlXoB9ZQbVL3ALFfnkVfRUYxnyjTHskr-UBleFQXaS-qzuAVdS2hl5k28tcEzSKBgfamzkj0BuzU7z-tug0qZG8-RjTXK2tjbQxLw/s624/sdg+methodology.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="624" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4WucpN-0BTSbIVDGweywX7FP-ZmlCGX9RUD29zcHlXoB9ZQbVL3ALFfnkVfRUYxnyjTHskr-UBleFQXaS-qzuAVdS2hl5k28tcEzSKBgfamzkj0BuzU7z-tug0qZG8-RjTXK2tjbQxLw/w640-h346/sdg+methodology.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> </li></ol>
</li><li>Comparison with Previous Editions: 
 <ol><li>The SDG India Index 2020–21 is more robust than the previous editions on account of wider coverage of targets and indicators with greater alignment with the National Indicator Framework (NIF).</li><li>The 115 indicators incorporate 16 out of 17 SDGs, with a qualitative assessment on Goal 17, and cover 70 SDG targets.</li><li>This is an improvement over the 2018–19 and 2019–20 editions
 of the index, which had utilised 62 indicators across 39 targets and 13
 Goals, and 100 indicators across 54 targets and 16 Goals, respectively.</li></ol></li><li>National Analysis: 
<ol><li>The country’s overall SDG score improved by 6 points - from 60 in 2019 to 66 in 2020–21. 
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;"><li>Currently, there are no states in the aspirant and achiever category; 15 states/UTs are in the performer category and 22 states/UTs in the front runner category.</li></ul>
</li><li>India saw significant improvement in the SDGs related to clean energy, urban development and health in 2020. However, there has been a major decline in the areas of industry, innovation and infrastructure as well as decent work and economic growth.</li></ol>State Wise Performance: <ol><li>Kerala retained its position at the top of the rankings in the third edition of the index, with a score of 75, followed by Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh, both scoring 72.</li><li>At the other end of the scale, Bihar, Jharkhand and Assam were the worst performing States. However, all States showed some improvement from last year’s scores, with Mizoram and Haryana seeing the biggest gains.</li></ol></li></ul>The top-fiveand bottom-fiveStates in SDG India Index 2020–21: <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0SOXuY3eS9qVVpt6fgtj2wxRE5-wbP4_9BKhcEp2gvBSUB7w0xokEwewsBV8-kJH9pm5MF8ApsuhU_sRdxbIg8ReeMODi8_unPW4OFYGvVG686K3VU9EOuRvmAA66g9cIVqSQhjA3C8/s472/top+sdg+states+2021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="472" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0SOXuY3eS9qVVpt6fgtj2wxRE5-wbP4_9BKhcEp2gvBSUB7w0xokEwewsBV8-kJH9pm5MF8ApsuhU_sRdxbIg8ReeMODi8_unPW4OFYGvVG686K3VU9EOuRvmAA66g9cIVqSQhjA3C8/w400-h311/top+sdg+states+2021.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9VEMpdRjbN1NB9N2ODWwTHOW0XV_jeFuJih0cUFOBxKpehqgrZmfdPeOp9Rgf4BiQHG1jwkvZKfhLklXj-voGZljMqo9BYJLKtfF7dfcBfbRMKHtIkv_xcIMF-4RVONR3N0JaoO3brYw/s784/sdg+2021+goal+wise+top+states.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9VEMpdRjbN1NB9N2ODWwTHOW0XV_jeFuJih0cUFOBxKpehqgrZmfdPeOp9Rgf4BiQHG1jwkvZKfhLklXj-voGZljMqo9BYJLKtfF7dfcBfbRMKHtIkv_xcIMF-4RVONR3N0JaoO3brYw/s16000/sdg+2021+goal+wise+top+states.jpg" /></a></div> Mizoram,
 Haryana, and Uttarakhand are the top gainers in 2020–21in terms of 
improvement in score from 2019, with an increase of 12, 10 and 8 points,
 respectively.<div> Source: <a href="http://pib.gov.in">pib.gov.in</a> <div></div></div>

current affairs environment paper-I notes SDG India Index 2020-21: NITI Aayog

Recently, the third edition of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index and Dashboard 2020–21 was released by NITI Aayog. Th...