Montreal Agreement to Kigali agreement a brief story

<p><b>  Montreal Agreement</b></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It is a global and successful agreement made in 1987 ( 16-sep-1987).</li><li>Protect ozone layer from ozone depleting substances(ODS).</li><li>The ozone layer filters out harmful ultra violate radiation, which is associated with an increased prevalence of skin cancer and cataracts, reduced agricultural productivity and disruption Marin ecosystem.</li><li>This protocol taken strong domestic action to reduce ODS such as chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) and halons </li><li>The full implementation of  the Montreal protocol is expected to help in the avoidance of over 280 million skin cancer incidents, almost 1.6 million deaths due to skin cancer, and millions of cases of cataracts.</li><li>The ozone layer is expected to recover by the year 2050.</li><li>Montreal protocol for ozone depletion is a protocol to Vienna convention.</li><li>The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol have each been ratified by 196 nations and the European Union.</li><li>Every year on 19-Sept was celebrated as World Ozone day.</li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"> The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (adopted in 1985, entry into force 1988) served as the framework for the Montreal Protocol, with the Convention’s objectives established to have Parties cooperate through shared research (Ozone Secretariat, 2016c). The Montreal Protocol is now more well-known as a document establishing concrete requirements for the phase out of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) for the protection of the ozone layer (Ozone Secretariat, 2016c). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> The Montreal Protocol addresses the production and use of ODSs in a differential responsibility model, wherein developed countries and developing countries have agreed upon different deadlines for the phase out of ODSs. This model was developed to put higher pressure on developed nations, as they were the largest global users (the United States accounted for 50% of the global usage of CFCs), and to not compromise the progress being made by developing countries (Peloso, 2009-2010). The Montreal Protocol has 197 signatories as of 2016, and is the first universally ratified treaty in the United Nations history (US EPA, 2016). </p><h2>Amendments to the Montreal Protocol</h2> <p> Signatories to the Montreal Protocol continually discuss the evolution of the Protocol, to establish any necessary changes, additions, or eliminations that should be made to the Protocol based on the most current scientific data (Ozone Secretariat, 2016b). The following amendments were agreed upon by the second, fourth, ninth, eleventh, and twenty-eighth meetings of the Parties (Ozone Secretariat, 2016a; US EPA, 2017) . The amendments to the Montreal Protocol are noted by Hill (2016) as the key elements of the Montreal Protocol which resulted in noticeable reduction of ODS usage. </p><ul><li><b>London, 1990:</b> Developed countries had until 2000 to phase out CFCs, halon, and carbon tetra chloride. Developing countries had an additional decade, until 2010.</li><li><b>Copenhagen, 1992:</b> Accelerated phase out of CFCs, halons, and carbon tetra chloride. Deadline advanced to 1996 for developed countries. </li><li><b>Montreal, 1997:</b> Phase out of hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) and methyl bromide by 2005 (developed countries, 2015 for developing countries).</li><li><b>Beijing, 1999:</b> Heightened trade restrictions on HCFCs.</li><li><b>Kigali, 2016:</b> Addition of HFCs (hydro fluorocarbons) as a controlled substance within the Montreal Protocol. HFCs emerged as an ODS substitute, but are known damaging greenhouse gases. </li></ul><p><b> Kigali agreement ( HFC's Reduction)</b></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The 25th meeting of the Montreal protocol on the substances that depletes the ozone layer was held in Kigali, Rwanda.</li><li>The HFC's were introduce in the year 1990 as an alternative to the chlorine based substances that are believed to deplete the ozone layer.</li><li>The HFCs are eliminated the global warming could be reduced by 0.5 degrees by 2010, according done.</li><li>The challenge is to maintain the global temperate below or at 2 degree with a growing rate of 8% per year globally.</li><li>Contribute to realization of sustainable development goals.</li><li>This protocol has effects on the human health as well.</li><li>Kigali agreement 15 Oct 2016 is extension / continuous to Montreal agreement.<br /></li></ul>

environment paper-I notes Montreal Agreement to Kigali agreement a brief story

  Montreal Agreement It is a global and successful agreement made in 1987 ( 16-sep-1987). Protect ozone layer from ozone depleting substance...

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National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched in 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change to mitigate and adapt to the adverse impact of climate change. </li><li>It aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.</li><li>There are 8 national missions forming the core of the NAPCC which represent multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change. These are-<br /></li></ul><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>National Solar Mission</li><li>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency</li><li>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat</li><li>National Water Mission</li><li>National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem</li><li>National Mission for A Green India</li><li>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture</li><li>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change</li></ol><p> </p><h3>Salient Features</h3><p>NAPCC is guided by following principles-</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Protection of poor and vulnerable sections of society through inclusive and sustainable development strategy, sensitive to climate change.</li><li>Achievements of national growth through qualitative changes enhancing ecological sustainability.</li><li>Deployment of appropriate technologies for both adaptation and mitigation of Green House Gases emissions extensively and at an accelerated pace.</li><li>regulatory and voluntary mechanisms to promote sustainable development and engineering new and innovative forms of market.</li><li>Effective implementation of plans using unique linkages like civil society and local governments through public-private partnership.</li><li>Invite international cooperation for research, development, sharing and transfer of data and technologies enabled by sufficient funding and backed up by a global IPR regime under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">United nation conference on human development </h3><p>The united nation conference on human development was held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972.</p><p>Also known as the declaration on the human environment.</p><p>It set out the principles for various international environmental issues, natural resource management, pollution prevention and the relationship between the environment and development.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The brudtland report (our common future)-1987</h3><p>Gave the idea of sustainable development i.,e development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.</p><p>The brundtland commission report recognized that human resource development in the form of poverty reduction, gender equity, and wealth redistribution was crucial in the form of poverty reduction, gender equality, and wealth redistribution was crucial to formulating strategies for environmental conservation.</p>

environment paper-I notes National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched in 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change to mitigate a...

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Introduction to Acts for protection of the environment

<p>Some of the most concerning threats to the environment are</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Climate change and global warming </li><li>Depleting natural resources</li><li>Pollution</li><li>Deforestation</li><li>loss of biodiversity.</li></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;">1. Environmental protection ACT-1986 </h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The act was introduced against the backdrop of the Bhopal gas tragedy. It was aimed at protecting and  improving the environment.</li><li>It authorized the central government to regulate the functions of industries on environmental grounds and takes region specific environment problems.</li><li>It also set standards for discharge of pollutants by factories </li><li>It gave rules for management of hazardous waste and provided for isolated storage of hazardous chimerical. </li><li>It has an umbrella like frame work that seeks to existing central government in implementing pre-existing environmental laws at the central as well as state levels.</li></ul><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghhMj8TB51921Gryl7QUAZo50u6OKvKeK1FoAmqRuKbkpTT-pyxPNY-ik2dijr-jYBKx7n_xXr7iR24iB4I_Hbml-MVtAbS57HSZ-eZJwIZI3psITdH4avxEU_rxMeW-AP13jxa-_GSAg/s1280/Acts1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghhMj8TB51921Gryl7QUAZo50u6OKvKeK1FoAmqRuKbkpTT-pyxPNY-ik2dijr-jYBKx7n_xXr7iR24iB4I_Hbml-MVtAbS57HSZ-eZJwIZI3psITdH4avxEU_rxMeW-AP13jxa-_GSAg/w640-h360/Acts1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">2. Biological diversity ACT-2002 </h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It aims at preserving biological diversity and ensuring equitable distribution of biological resources, including transfer of technology and joint research and development.</li><li>The act prohibited the patenting of any knowledge accruing out of biodiversity resources without the permission of the Indian government</li><li>Local communities were given greater control over the use of their knowledge and resources.</li><li>Biodiversity management committees, state biodiversity boards and a national biodiversity authority were setup at the local ,state and national level respectively.</li></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;">3. National Green Tribunal Act-2010   </h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It created a special tribunal to ensure that environment based cases are dealt with a special manner.</li><li>Such a tribunal can help in ensuring that the carbon emission levels don't reach a harmful degree. It does so by adopting the "polluter pays" principle.</li><li>It would also provide relief or compensation to the affected people, as and when required.</li><li>The environmental protection ACT, the Forest conservation Act and the Biodiversity Act where laid out in schedule one of the NGT Act.</li><li>In order to make it more accessible five places of sitting were set up all over India, with new Delhi serving as the principal bench.</li></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;">4. Noise pollution ( Regulation and control) Rules 2000</h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The act aims at reducing noise pollution levels by regulating the use of loudspeakers and public address system.</li><li>It permitted the use of a sound amplifier only within closed premises during night time.</li><li>Restrictions were also imposed on other noise producing activities like honking and construction work during the night time.</li></ul><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLvS9Us7e2-6KOp2V9uglfnYkyfcrARjvP725hSmliuE6s23BBTL9jQmbJIfT006qKMRQy7Bs5X5UROIZiaklXUMIVQl8PNeWzbMOW-Gs7kF-RGxyC50yCsLScBkrPUIk1VktsIynvKU/s1920/acts2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLvS9Us7e2-6KOp2V9uglfnYkyfcrARjvP725hSmliuE6s23BBTL9jQmbJIfT006qKMRQy7Bs5X5UROIZiaklXUMIVQl8PNeWzbMOW-Gs7kF-RGxyC50yCsLScBkrPUIk1VktsIynvKU/w640-h360/acts2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">5. wild life protection Act-1972</h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It established of protection plants and animals, the harvesting and hunting of these species respectively was prohibited.</li><li>A 2002 amendment to the existing act made the punishment and penalty more stringent.</li><li>Offenses related to trade in animals articles will also be penalized. The objective is to control illegal trade, smuggling and poaching.</li></ul><h2 style="text-align: left;">6. Forest conservation Act-1980</h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It aims to conserve India forest through disallowing so-reservation of forests and use of forest and for non-forest purposes without prior permission from the central government.</li><li>It provides certain rights and protections to the scheduled tribes and other forest dwellers.</li><li>The act was aimed at controlling deforestation.</li></ul><p>The following are some Acts and important years</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Wild life protection Act - 1972</li><li>Water Act-1974</li><li>Forest Act - 1980</li><li>Air Act 1981</li><li>Environmental protection Act 1986</li><li>Noise pollution Act - 2000</li><li>Biological diversity Act-2002</li><li>National Green Tribunal act-2010<br /></li></ol>

environment paper-I notes Introduction to Acts for protection of the environment

Some of the most concerning threats to the environment are Climate change and global warming  Depleting natural resources Pollution Deforest...

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Computer Based Testing (CBT)

<p>CBT is an effective solution for mass education evaluation.</p><p>CB has emerged as one of the recent "innovative approaches to assessments most pursued by states.</p><p>CBT provide paper less feedback, interactive activities and multimedia tools a an against traditional paper based exams.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Types of CBT:</h3><p><b>Offline CBT: </b>Offline CBT testing assigned manually and reported prepare much later.</p><p><b>Online CBT:</b> it is computer based testing with using online assessment software. It can be used anytime, anywhere and auto generated.</p><p>Advantages</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Automatic marking </li><li>Less time is needed for marking</li><li>Grater frequency of assessment</li><li>Greater flexibility</li><li>Impartiality in the results </li><li>Time and cost effective advantages </li><li>motivation of students is increased.</li></ul><p>Five methods of collecting students answer in computer assisted assessment </p><p>1. Selecting multiple choices </p><p>2. Supplying: where students type in short answers and responses.</p><p>3. Ordering / Ranking: where students order to rank a list of items in a correct or preferred sequence </p><p>4. Matching: here students identify linkages between two lists of items</p><p>5. Locating: Where students identify something from a large form. For example, giving an India map, identifying their state.</p><p>CBT enhances students performance and give credibility to obtain in such exam because marking is more accurate, consistent and without human error.</p><p>It is helpful for studying to reduce the stress, overhead and ambiguity, reduce marketing time, increase the accuracy of marking. <br /></p>

paper-I notes Teaching Aptitude Computer Based Testing (CBT)

CBT is an effective solution for mass education evaluation. CB has emerged as one of the recent "innovative approaches to assessments m...

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Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.

<p style="text-align: justify;"> In the realm of the teaching-learning process, there is a system that teaches, trains, coaches, guides and instructs teachers on how to maximize academic achievement of students. This system of tools and resources is called a teaching support system. A teaching support system caters to the teachers with an ultimate goal to improve student's achievement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In other words, teaching supporting system is the capacity building of teachers using resources and glides on ' how to teach' .</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A good teaching support system provides teaches with a set of instructional strategies for the students and skills that students are not proficient in. Along with that, it helps teachers acquire the knowledge and skills to deliver those strategies in the classroom.</p><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Why do we need the teaching support system?</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">In present time, life skills are more important than memorizing concepts and theories. This makes it very challenging for the teacher to approach his or her subject merely using traditional methods.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Given this scenario, it is important for the teachers to go beyond traditional teaching styles and be more creative and engaging in terms of enhancing students participation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Secondly, information is abundantly available over the internet which is accessible to teachers and learns alike. This some what reduces the role of teachers as the ultimate source of information, more in case of middle and higher education. Now the goal of teachers should also be to keep themselves updated with trends of technology and information.</p><h2 style="text-align: justify;">1. Traditional teaching supporting system</h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>This methodology is used to teach basics to students.</li><li>This method is also called as "chalk and talk".</li><li>It is teacher-centered approach.</li><li>It concentrates more on memorization and reinforcing techniques.</li><li>In this method learners are passive recipients.</li><li>The focus remains on syllabus completion and evaluation of learners through the traditional examination system.</li><li>The teacher evaluate the learners but there is no benchmark for evaluating teachers.</li><li>Usage of textbooks and blackboards is more.</li><li>Class management is all about maintaining discipline.</li><li>There is no emphasis on team building, collaboration, and so on.</li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;">Disadvantages</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>There is less involvement of learners.</li><li>There is less emphasis on the understanding of concepts.</li><li>Weak learners suffer the most as they don't fee motivated.</li><li>Evaluation of  learners based on traditional teaching methods can some times be faulty.</li><li>There is less incentive among teachers for reflection.</li></ul><h2 style="text-align: justify;">2. Modern Teaching supporting system</h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>This system of teaching is more learner centered.</li><li>It enable ICT based techniques for teaching like use of computers, projectors ext.</li><li>Student friendly teaching and active participation of learners.</li><li>Have a defined goal.</li><li>They are collaborative and require initiative.</li><li>Knowledge is constructed rather than delivered.</li><li>Have more scope for creativity, flexibility, and reliability.</li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;">Disadvantages</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Since technology becomes more dynamic, teachers need to learn and relearn new skills.</li><li>There is too much dependence on technology which reduces the authority of teachers.</li><li>It requires huge investments of money, time and effort.</li><li>Some modern technology methods are exclusionary in nature.</li><li>The teacher-student relationship suffers as there is less time to develop bonding with the students.</li></ul><h2 style="text-align: justify;">3. ICT Based teaching supporting system   <br /></h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>The implementation of ICT in teaching and learning significant changes have hit the whole educational system.</li><li>ICT in schools was launched in Dec 2004 and revised in 2010 to provide opportunities for secondary stage students to build their capacity on ICT skills and make them learn through computer aided learning process.</li><li>ICT is a sub component of   the "Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan(RMSA)"</li><li>It support project based learning.</li><li>It uses synchronous and asynchronous software, text-based, audio-based or video based communication tools, as well as shared work spaces to improve learning instruction in various area of education.</li><li>Project based learning includes support from two instructional process and four learning processes.</li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Scaffolding </p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Coaching </p><p style="text-align: justify;">...........</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The learning process</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Knowledge representation</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Communication and collaboration</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Reflection. <br /></p>

paper-I notes Teaching Aptitude Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.

 In the realm of the teaching-learning process, there is a system that teaches, trains, coaches, guides and instructs teachers on how to max...

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