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UGC NET 2024 December Session Notification Released. Exams Stars from Jan 1st 2025

<p>The National Testing Agency (NTA) has commenced the online application 
process for UGC NET December 2024. Interested and eligible candidates 
can apply for the UGC NET December exam at the official website 
ugcnet.nta.ac.in. The last date to apply for the UGC NET 2024 December 
session exam is December 10. Candidates can pay the examination fee by 
December 11, 2024.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The NTA has been entrusted by the University Grants Commission (UGC) with the task of conducting UGC-NET, which is a test to determine the eligibility of Indian nationals for </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(i) ‘award of Junior Research Fellowship and appointment as Assistant Professor’, </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(ii)‘appointment as Assistant Professor and admission to Ph.D.’ and </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(iii)‘admission to Ph.D. only’ in Indian universities and colleges.<br /> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The National Testing Agency (NTA) will conduct UGC – NET December 2024 for 85 subjects in Computer Based Test (CBT) mode, as per Schedule given in table below: </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMeMStalGZQEF-N9MUR5YfEhBgNs-RdftDw25X5MHZzFEgNhvc9sP3DmwelUZMsSErt_OmwEi20xmAkqge_1jLjsbYtcO2PgwBGMQYnQMWi5yWwaVpDX-NfqEM98bcw_6DIDygcVZsjlYQHlcx-Q13MPgEXQz0N5eAFFKmIoWi7tdPmg9ipaNQTdakC3w/s1002/Screenshot%202024-11-23%20092335.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="1002" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMeMStalGZQEF-N9MUR5YfEhBgNs-RdftDw25X5MHZzFEgNhvc9sP3DmwelUZMsSErt_OmwEi20xmAkqge_1jLjsbYtcO2PgwBGMQYnQMWi5yWwaVpDX-NfqEM98bcw_6DIDygcVZsjlYQHlcx-Q13MPgEXQz0N5eAFFKmIoWi7tdPmg9ipaNQTdakC3w/w640-h278/Screenshot%202024-11-23%20092335.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h2>Steps To Apply For UGC NET December 2024:</h2><p></p><p class="story_para_5" id="5">Step 1: Visit the official website of UGC NET 2024- ugcnet.nta.ac.in</p><p class="story_para_6" id="6">Step 2: On the homepage, click on the link that reads, “UGC-NET December-2024: Click Here to Register/Login"</p><p class="story_para_7" id="7">Step 3: On the newly opened page, click on the link for new registration</p><p class="story_para_8" id="8">Step 4: Now enter the required details to complete the registration process</p><p class="story_para_9" id="9">Step 5: Log in with the system-generated registration ID and password</p><p class="story_para_10" id="10"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ugcnetdec2024.ntaonline.in/site/login" rel="nofollow" style="color: red;" target="_blank">UGC NET December 2024: Direct Link To Apply </a></p><p class="story_para_5" id="5"><br /></p>

notifications UGC NET 2024 December Session Notification Released. Exams Stars from Jan 1st 2025

The National Testing Agency (NTA) has commenced the online application process for UGC NET December 2024. Interested and eligible candidate...

Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla(గురు ఘాసిదాస్ - తమోర్ పింగ్లా) Tiger Reserve to be the 3rd largest in the country

22.11.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<div style="text-align: justify;">Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav, informed the Nation about the notification of the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla(గురు ఘాసిదాస్ - తమోర్ పింగ్లా) Tiger Reserve, Chhattisgarh, as the 56th Tiger Reserve of the country. In a post on social media platform ‘X’, the Minister said, “As India continues to touch new milestones in tiger conservation, we have notified Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla in Chhattisgarh as the 56th tiger reserve. Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve is spread over 2,829 sq km.”</div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPQN-soi0hTySAmlcitdOdQJDebxug76e_Z3fJ_cwrIr9y2q-YnFRfhQ7aocQLPQeAUVvhX3Zt6RxUVQ2jZB2BNnHZtQnSToXuoToiZu7t_dKnL3TpABLGdELXVm6QOCvJ9kIGVay_ZBXdCm7JfG9S2tTD7UdXcrAMr-Tgm9-uQElW1-zYg571n6nBL1U/s861/Screenshot%202024-11-22%20at%2019-21-21%20(1)%20Bhupender%20Yadav%20on%20X%20Let%20the%20roars%20get%20louder!%20As%20India%20continues%20to%20touch%20new%20milestones%20in%20tiger%20conservation%20we%20have%20notified%20Guru%20Ghasidas-Tamor%20Pingla%20in%20Chhattisgarh%20as%20the%2056th%20tig%5B...%5D.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="678" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPQN-soi0hTySAmlcitdOdQJDebxug76e_Z3fJ_cwrIr9y2q-YnFRfhQ7aocQLPQeAUVvhX3Zt6RxUVQ2jZB2BNnHZtQnSToXuoToiZu7t_dKnL3TpABLGdELXVm6QOCvJ9kIGVay_ZBXdCm7JfG9S2tTD7UdXcrAMr-Tgm9-uQElW1-zYg571n6nBL1U/w504-h640/Screenshot%202024-11-22%20at%2019-21-21%20(1)%20Bhupender%20Yadav%20on%20X%20Let%20the%20roars%20get%20louder!%20As%20India%20continues%20to%20touch%20new%20milestones%20in%20tiger%20conservation%20we%20have%20notified%20Guru%20Ghasidas-Tamor%20Pingla%20in%20Chhattisgarh%20as%20the%2056th%20tig%5B...%5D.png" width="504" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;"></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>Largest Tiger Reserves in India</b>:</h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li aria-level="1"><b>First</b>: Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, <b>Andhra Pradesh</b></li><li aria-level="1"><b>Second</b>: Manas Tiger Reserve, <b>Assam</b></li><li aria-level="1"><b>Third</b>: Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve, <b>Chhattisgarh</b></li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square; text-align: left;"><li><b>About:</b><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;"><li>It is located in the <b>northern part of Chhattisgarh</b>, bordering Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.</li><li>Approval was granted under Section 38V(1) of the<b> Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</b></li><li>This will be the<b> fourth Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh,</b> after the <b>Udanti-Sitanadi</b>, <b>Achanakmar</b> and <b>Indravati Reserves</b>.</li></ul>
</li><li><b>Significance:</b><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;"><li>Guru Ghasidas National Park was the last known habitat of the <b>Asiatic cheetah</b> in the country.</li><li>It connects Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh and provides a corridor for tigers to move between the <b>Bandhavgarh</b> (Madhya Pradesh) and<b> Palamau Tiger Reserves</b> (Jharkhand).</li></ul>
</li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3I3ZYvonVmKHhH19opD3dFQKY8q4U7mFpL_pqkybLuMqkGpSkIBVzz6Me-9gzKMtm2eSFNF9yuWISz1UHiuWbDPIHVfr8BvgU_F5UN-KcALv_y8IOn78ATvGb-KChF21_WRyr6OLoccE35X8VMaXSrVJHOAZWdCCny4ake3VEra0iP_7j0LfCaK2UbAU/s1333/Indravati-Tiger-Reserve-.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="850" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3I3ZYvonVmKHhH19opD3dFQKY8q4U7mFpL_pqkybLuMqkGpSkIBVzz6Me-9gzKMtm2eSFNF9yuWISz1UHiuWbDPIHVfr8BvgU_F5UN-KcALv_y8IOn78ATvGb-KChF21_WRyr6OLoccE35X8VMaXSrVJHOAZWdCCny4ake3VEra0iP_7j0LfCaK2UbAU/w408-h640/Indravati-Tiger-Reserve-.webp" width="408" /></a></div>Image Source: https://upsccolorfullnotes.com<p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;">Keeping in view the landscape approach to conservation as envisaged in India’s National Wildlife Plan, the newly notified tiger reserve is contiguous with the Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh forming a landscape complex of nearly 4500 sq.kms. Further, the tiger reserve is connected to the Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh to the West and Palamau Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand to the East. The National Tiger Conservation Authority had accorded final approval for notifying the  Guru Ghasidas- Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve in October, 2021. <br /><br />Biodiversity:<br /><br />A total of 753 species, including 365 invertebrates and 388 vertebrates, have been documented from Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve by the Zoological Survey of India. The invertebrate fauna is represented mostly by the class insecta. The vertebrate fauna includes 230 species of birds and 55 species of mammals comprising several threatened species from both the groups. <br /><br />With this notification, Chhattisgarh is now home to 4 Tiger Reserves, which is bound to strengthen conservation of the species with ongoing technical and financial assistance from the National Tiger Conservation Authority under Project Tiger. </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"> how tiger reserve is declared ?</span></span></span></h3><p style="text-align: left;">Tiger reserves are declared in India by state governments, but the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) must advise on the process: <br /> <br />State governments prepare a Tiger Conservation Plan: This plan includes how to manage and plan the notified areas, and how to maintain the staff needed to protect the tiger reserve. <br /><br />State governments notify the tiger reserve: State governments notify the tiger reserve in accordance with the provisions of Section 38V of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. <br /><br />NTCA approves the tiger reserve: The NTCA must approve the tiger reserve as a project. <br /><br />Tiger reserves have two components: <br /><br />1. Core area:  This area has the legal status of a national park or sanctuary, and an exclusive agenda for tigers is followed. <br /><br />2. Buffer area : This area is a mix of forest and non-forest land, and is managed as a multiple use area. <br /><br /> <br /> State governments can only change the boundaries of a tiger reserve with the recommendation of the Tiger Conservation Authority and the approval of the National Board for Wild Life. <br /> <br /> Source: <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2074302">PIB </a></p>

current affairs environment Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla(గురు ఘాసిదాస్ - తమోర్ పింగ్లా) Tiger Reserve to be the 3rd largest in the country

Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav, informed the Nation about the notification of the Guru Ghas...

Global Nature Conservation Index 2024: India ranked 176 out of 180 countries

22.11.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<p> India's Global Nature Conservation Index, 2024: Poor Performance</p><p>India ranks 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index, 2024, with a score of 45.5 out of 100.</p><p>The index evaluates conservation efforts using four markers: land management, threats to biodiversity, capacity and governance, and future trends.</p><p>The index is developed by the Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and BioDB.com.</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><span data-contrast="none">Observation of the NCI:</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"> </span>
<br /><ul><li>Sustainable land use is crucial, as 53% of land is converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes. </li><li>The index highlights high pesticide use and warns about soil pollution,</li><li>Marine conservation needs improvement, with only 0.2% of national waterways protected and none within India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).</li><li>India ranks as the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trading nation globally, with annual sales totaling approximately 15 billion Euros.</li><li>Deforestation resulted in the loss of 23,300 sq. km of tree cover between 2001 and 2019.</li><li>India's ecological wealth is constantly threatened by overpopulation.</li></ul></li></ul><p>India's ranking is attributed to inefficient land management and rising threats to its biodiversity.</p><p>The index warns against soil pollution and highlights the need for sustainable land use techniques.</p><p>Marine conservation is also a concern with only 0.2% of India’s national waterways covered by protected areas and none within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).</p><p>Threats to India’s biodiversity include habitat loss and fragmentation caused by agriculture, urbanisation, and infrastructural development, and climate change.</p><p>Despite 40% of marine species and 65% of terrestrial species located within Protected Areas, significant population decreases continue.</p><p>The index's findings align with the most recent global progress report on Sustainable Development, where the country faced major challenges in SDG 14 and SDG 15.</p><p>India faces both promising opportunities and serious biodiversity challenges in the years ahead, with one of the highest population densities in the world and a population that has doubled since the late 1970s.</p>

current affairs Global Nature Conservation Index 2024: India ranked 176 out of 180 countries

India's Global Nature Conservation Index, 2024: Poor Performance India ranks 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index, 2024, with ...

India ranks 176th out of 180 nations in the Environment Performance Index 2024, indicating a high level of emissions.

14.6.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<p> India, which ranks third in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, was categorized as one of the countries with the poorest air quality, projected emissions, and biodiversity and habitat in the 2<a href="https://epi.yale.edu/country/2024/IND" target="_blank">024 Environment Performance Index (EPI).</a><br /><br />According to the report issued on 5 June by the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and the Columbia Center for International Earth Science Information Network, India was placed 176th out of 180 nations. It was ranked higher than only Pakistan, Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. This is a little gain compared to the previous EPI ranking, where India was positioned at the lowest position.</p><p>2024 EPI Indicators Overview</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Includes biodiversity, air pollution, water quality, waste management, emission growth rates, and projected emissions.</li><li>Main focus: ecosystem vitality, environmental health, climate change.</li><li>India not in the bottom ten for climate change.</li></ul><p>EPI's Biodiversity and Habitat Category</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Checks protection of existing biodiversity and ecosystems.</li><li>Identifies encroaching buildings or croplands in protected areas.</li></ul><p style="text-align: left;">India's Performance</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: left;">Lags due to heavy coal dependence, contributing to high GHG emissions and air pollution.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Ranked 177th in air quality, 172nd in projected emissions by 2025.</li></ul><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://static.theprint.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Environment-Performance-Index-2.jpg?compress=true&quality=80&w=800&dpr=1.3" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="548" height="675" src="https://static.theprint.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Environment-Performance-Index-2.jpg?compress=true&quality=80&w=800&dpr=1.3" width="548" /></a></div><p></p><p> India's Environmental Performance in South Asia<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>India ranks 178th in the EPI for transboundary pollution, affecting Bangladeshi residents.</li><li> Global West and Eastern Europe are the top emitters, followed by Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia.</li><li>India's ranking in climate change is 133 due to advancements in renewable energy and a goal to transition to net-zero emissions by 2070.</li><li>India needs an additional $160 billion per year in climate change mitigation investments to achieve its goals.</li><li>India's performance in solid waste management, forests, and agriculture is better, but poor scores in air quality, emissions, and biodiversity affect overall performance.</li></ul><h3><strong>Not the first time</strong></h3>
<p>This is not the first time that India has scored low on the 
Environment Performance Index, which has been producing reports since 
2002. The last EPI in 2022 ranked India at the bottom because of low 
scores in nearly the same indicators.</p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://static.theprint.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Environment-Performance-Index-1.jpg?compress=true&quality=80&w=800&dpr=1.3" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="548" height="750" src="https://static.theprint.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Environment-Performance-Index-1.jpg?compress=true&quality=80&w=800&dpr=1.3" width="548" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p> India's Emissions Index 2022: Challenges and Rejection<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The 2022 Emissions Index (EPI) measures countries' progress towards net-zero CO2, methane, fluorinated gases, and nitrous oxide emissions by 2050.</li><li>India was in the bottom 10 for lead pollution, drinking water pollution, and terrestrial biome protection.</li><li>The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MOEFCC) criticized the EPI, stating it was based on unfounded assumptions.</li><li>The report did not include India's wetlands and forests, carbon sinks.</li><li>The EPI was developed by modeling past emissions of only 10 years, and the indicators were assigned arbitrary weightage without explanation.</li><li>Independent researchers, including Chandra Bhusan, criticized the EPI for its subjectivity and ranking methodology.</li></ul>

India ranks 176th out of 180 nations in the Environment Performance Index 2024, indicating a high level of emissions.

current affairs environment India ranks 176th out of 180 nations in the Environment Performance Index 2024, indicating a high level of emissions.

India, which ranks third in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, was categorized as one of the countries with the poorest air quality, projec...

Half of world’s rangelands are degraded, UN study finds: What are rangelands, why they matter

23.5.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<p>Context:</p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>About half of the world’s rangelands are degraded and need policy interventions, and communities depending on them need focused support, according to a new report of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD).</li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">What are rangelands?</p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The UNCCD report defines rangelands as natural or semi-natural ecosystems that are grazed by livestock or wild animals.</li><li>Rangelands contain vegetation such as grasses, shrubs, bushes, open forests, and agroforestry systems (land which contains trees and crops or pastures).</li><li>The exact nature of rangelands’ vegetation is influenced by rainfall, temperature, and other climate phenomena.</li><li>Rangeland Atlas is prepared by a consortium of international non-profits and United Nations agencies.</li><li>Extant of rangelands:<ul><li>Currently, rangelands cover 80 million sq km of Earth’s terrestrial surface area (over half of Earth’s land) and are thus the largest land cover or land use type in the world.</li><li>In India, rangelands occupy about 1.21 million sq km, from the Thar Desert to Himalayan meadows.</li></ul></li><li>Environmental and social significance:<ul><li>They act as carbon sinks, storehouses of fresh water, and prevent desertification of land.</li><li>They provide food security and livelihoods to millions of people.</li><li>Rangelands generate 16% of global food production and 70% of feed for domesticated herbivores, most significantly in Africa and South America.</li></ul></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">UNCCD Report Findings:</p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Approximately 50% of the world’s rangelands are classified as “degraded” and are in decline.</li><li>Factors contributing to this degradation include climate change, unsustainable land and livestock management practices, biodiversity loss, and conversion of rangelands to farmlands.</li><li>Uncertainty over land rights among pastoralist communities exacerbates degradation.</li><li>Impact on Communities:<ul><li>Deterioration of rangelands adversely affects communities dependent on them.</li><li>Consequences
 include reduced soil fertility, biodiversity loss, decreased incomes, 
and increased conflicts over grazing rights with authorities.</li></ul></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">Who are Pastoralists?</p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Pastoralism is a livelihood centred around livestock production, including dairy, meat, wool, and leather.</li><li>Pastoralists are communities, both indigenous and non-indigenous, engaged in livestock rearing.</li><li>They rear a variety of animals including sheep, goats, cattle, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, llamas, alpacas, pigs, ducks, and chickens.</li><li>Their livelihood depends significantly on access to quality pasturelands (rangelands) and their rights over them.</li><li>Global and Indian Context:<ul><li>Globally, an estimated 500 million pastoralists are involved in livestock production.</li><li>In India, approximately 13 million pastoralists are part of 46 groups such as Gujjars, Bakarwals, Rebaris, Raikas, Kurubas, and Maldharis.</li></ul></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">Economic Contributions in India:</p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>India holds 20% of the world’s livestock population, with 77% reared in pastoralist systems.</li><li>Pastoralists play a crucial role in protecting indigenous livestock breeds and preserving traditional knowledge of animal rearing.</li><li>India leads globally in milk production (23% of global output), buffalo meat production, and sheep and goat meat exports, with pastoralists making significant contributions to these sectors.</li><li>Some important pastoral communities and regions they belong:</li></ul><p><strong></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWyNYJckZU0KjAIRVpyJQaM1m6z4HFj4Y7ok9Zn4AfJcNYH4hc-nuDS_wiQLkjnp8Twwtwi6_zM3pc_wm5vyBXU72iDiKEZo7tjDq9Q5jlZetCpls5njKvEOHRhMXZUJxOi6CcGJi9fvaiYJgiJYFdcd5Sf2gc2lBeAXNJgGgewZmY0epXaysU3GtnSNo/s1062/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2019-57-55%20Half%20of%20world%E2%80%99s%20rangelands%20are%20degraded%20UN%20study%20finds%20What%20are%20rangelands%20why%20they%20matter%20-%20Optimize%20IAS.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="1062" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWyNYJckZU0KjAIRVpyJQaM1m6z4HFj4Y7ok9Zn4AfJcNYH4hc-nuDS_wiQLkjnp8Twwtwi6_zM3pc_wm5vyBXU72iDiKEZo7tjDq9Q5jlZetCpls5njKvEOHRhMXZUJxOi6CcGJi9fvaiYJgiJYFdcd5Sf2gc2lBeAXNJgGgewZmY0epXaysU3GtnSNo/w640-h382/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2019-57-55%20Half%20of%20world%E2%80%99s%20rangelands%20are%20degraded%20UN%20study%20finds%20What%20are%20rangelands%20why%20they%20matter%20-%20Optimize%20IAS.png" width="640" /></a></strong></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pastoralism in Africa astoralism in Africa:</p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>In Africa, even today, over 22 million Africans depend on some form of pastoral activity for their livelihood.</li><li>Like
 pastoralists in India, the lives of African pastoralists have changed 
dramatically over the colonial and post-colonial periods.</li><li>Some pastoralist communities in Africa:<ul><li>Bedouins, Berber, Maasai,Somali, Boran, Turkana and Kaokoland herders (Namibia).</li></ul></li></ul><p> Source: <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/rangelands-degraded-un-study-pastoralists-9345551/">https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/rangelands-degraded-un-study-pastoralists-9345551<strong>/<br /></strong></a></p>

current affairs environment Half of world’s rangelands are degraded, UN study finds: What are rangelands, why they matter

Context: About half of the world’s rangelands are degraded and need policy interventions, and communities depending on them need focused sup...

Plagiarism and self-plagiarism -Consequences of Plagiarism

22.5.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<p> Both plagiarism and self-plagiarism are serious concerns in research methodology, as they undermine the integrity and credibility of your work. Here's a breakdown of each concept and its relevance to research methods:<br /><br /><b>Plagiarism:</b><br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> Definition: Plagiarism involves using someone else's ideas, methods, or data without proper attribution. This includes copying text verbatim, paraphrasing without citing the source, or presenting someone else's findings as your own.</li><li>    Impact on Research Methodology: Plagiarism in research methodology can take several forms:</li><li>        Copying someone else's research design, methodology section, or data collection methods without attribution.</li><li>        Failing to cite sources for existing research findings or theoretical frameworks used in your methodology.</li><li>        Misrepresenting someone else's research data or manipulating data to fit your own hypothesis.</li></ul><p><b>Self-Plagiarism:</b><br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> Definition: Self-plagiarism refers to reusing significant portions of your own previously published work without proper citation in a new research project.</li><li>    Impact on Research Methodology: While not as severe as plagiarism, self-plagiarism in research methodology can also be problematic:</li><li>        Reusing identical or heavily paraphrased methods sections from your past research without acknowledging the prior publication.</li><li>        Presenting previously collected data as new data in a new research project, without mentioning the original source.</li><li>        Submitting the same research proposal to multiple funding agencies or conferences.</li></ul><p style="text-align: left;">Why are Both Issues in Research Methodology?<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> Lack of Originality: Both plagiarism and self-plagiarism hinder the advancement of knowledge by failing to present new methodological approaches or insights.</li><li>    Redundancy: Reusing methods without adaptation can suggest a lack of effort in developing a research design specific to the new project's needs.</li><li>    Ethical Concerns: Both practices violate ethical principles of research integrity and can be considered academic dishonesty.</li></ul><p style="text-align: left;">Avoiding Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> Proper Citation: Always cite your sources correctly whenever you reference existing research methods, theoretical frameworks, or data in your methodology section.</li><li>    Paraphrasing Effectively: When referencing your own previous work, paraphrase the text and clearly cite the original source.</li><li>    Developing New Methods: Strive to design research methods that are tailored to your current research question and that build upon, rather than simply replicate, previous methodologies.</li><li>    Transparency: Be transparent about any data or methods reused from your previous work, clearly explaining the context and providing proper citation.</li></ul><p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5x3nHOj_beS1a6UBc0r9KVepi5ZyfrcV8klMnYLraUTOPDo0_R3HoSDyhXAtZbOIM4b3q4ZZdvMkxCZmc6fxrGBJj_X62cY4-1TJz5VhQRG-H-K_t_8p58fjr6Tkm8PjKE_s4rDXgfnsthmb7QwemjjaoLQsbpJUNx7jYbOta9eJTj35zq2UqKeldOo/s1051/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2010-56-15%20Navigating%20the%20Nuances%20of%20Plagiarism%20and%20Self-Plagiarism.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="1051" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5x3nHOj_beS1a6UBc0r9KVepi5ZyfrcV8klMnYLraUTOPDo0_R3HoSDyhXAtZbOIM4b3q4ZZdvMkxCZmc6fxrGBJj_X62cY4-1TJz5VhQRG-H-K_t_8p58fjr6Tkm8PjKE_s4rDXgfnsthmb7QwemjjaoLQsbpJUNx7jYbOta9eJTj35zq2UqKeldOo/w640-h256/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2010-56-15%20Navigating%20the%20Nuances%20of%20Plagiarism%20and%20Self-Plagiarism.png" width="640" /></a></p><p> Consequences of Plagiarism<br /></p><ul class="i8Z77e"><li class="TrT0Xe">Destroyed Student Reputation. Plagiarism allegations can cause a student to be suspended or expelled. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Destroyed Professional Reputation. </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Destroyed Academic Reputation. </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Legal Repercussions.  </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Monetary Repercussions.  </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Plagiarized Research.</li></ul><h3>Destroyed Student Reputation</h3>

<p>Plagiarism allegations can cause a student to be suspended or 
expelled. Their academic record can reflect the ethics offense, possibly
 causing the student to be barred from entering college from high school
 or another college. Schools, colleges, and universities take plagiarism
 very seriously. Most educational institutions have academic integrity 
committees who police students. Many schools suspend students for their 
first violation. Students are usually expelled for further offences.</p>

<h3>Destroyed Professional Reputation</h3>

<p>A professional business person, politician, or public figure may find
 that the damage from plagiarism follows them for their entire career. 
Not only will they likely be fired or asked to step down from their 
present position, but they will surely find it difficult to obtain 
another respectable job. Depending on the offense and the plagiarist’s 
public stature, his or her name may become ruined, making any kind of 
meaningful career impossible.</p>

<h3>Destroyed Academic Reputation</h3>

<p>The consequences of plagiarism have been widely reported in the world
 of academia. Once scarred with plagiarism allegations, an academic’s 
career can be ruined. Publishing is an integral part of a prestigious 
academic career. To lose the ability to publish most likely means the 
end of an academic position and a destroyed reputation.</p>

<h3>Legal Repercussions</h3>

<p>The legal repercussions of plagiarism can be quite serious. Copyright
 laws are absolute. One cannot use another person’s material without 
citation and reference. An author has the right to sue a plagiarist. 
Some plagiarism may also be deemed a criminal offense, possibly leading 
to a prison sentence. Those who write for a living, such as journalists 
or authors, are particularly susceptible to plagiarism issues. Those who
 write frequently must be ever-vigilant not to err. Writers are 
well-aware of copyright laws and ways to avoid plagiarism. As a 
professional writer, to plagiarize is a serious ethical and perhaps 
legal issue.</p>

<h3>Monetary Repercussions</h3>

<p>Many recent news reports and articles have exposed plagiarism by 
journalists, authors, public figures, and researchers. In the case where
 an author sues a plagiarist, the author may be granted monetary 
restitution. In the case where a journalist works for a magazine, 
newspaper or other publisher, or even if a student is found plagiarizing
 in school, the offending plagiarist could have to pay monetary 
penalties.</p>

<h3>Plagiarized Research</h3>

<p>Plagiarized research is an especially egregious form of plagiarism. 
If the research is medical in nature, the consequences of plagiarism 
could mean the loss of peoples’ lives. This kind of plagiarism is 
particularly heinous.</p>

<p>The consequences of plagiarism are far-reaching and no one is immune.
 Neither ignorance nor stature excuses a person from the ethical and 
legal ramifications of committing plagiarism. Before attempting any 
writing project, learn about plagiarism. Find out what constitutes 
plagiarism and how to avoid it. The rules are easy to understand and 
follow. If there is any question about missing attribution, try using an
 online plagiarism checker or plagiarism detection software to check 
your writing for plagiarism before turning it in. Laziness or dishonesty
 can lead to a ruined reputation, the loss of a career, and legal 
problems.</p><p>Source: https://guides.library.ucmo.edu/plagiarism<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p></p>

Research Methodology Plagiarism and self-plagiarism -Consequences of Plagiarism

Both plagiarism and self-plagiarism are serious concerns in research methodology, as they undermine the integrity and credibility of your w...

Ethical issues related to publishing

22.5.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<p>1. Study design and ethics approval</p><div class="sec sec-first" id="s2.1"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>COPE emphasizes the importance of well-planned, ethically approved research.</li><li>A research protocol should be developed and adhered to, with roles clearly defined by all team members.</li><li>Research should aim to answer specific questions, not just collect data.</li><li>Institutional Review Board or Ethics Committee approval is crucial for studies involving people, medical records, and anonymised human tissues.</li><li>Research proposals should address potential ethical issues, especially for vulnerable subjects.</li><li>Patient information sheets should be provided during recruitment, detailing objectives, procedures, benefits, harms, and rights to refuse participation.</li><li>Consent should be obtained from subjects or guardians, and confidentiality of information should be ensured.</li></ul></div><div class="sec sec-first" id="s2.1"> 2. Data Analysis in Research<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Researchers must appropriately analyze data to avoid misconduct.</li><li>Intentional omission of results can lead to misinterpretation and mislead.</li><li>Fabrication and falsification of data are considered misconduct.</li><li>Under-reporting negative research findings is common due to pressure from the pharmaceutical industry.</li><li>Full disclosure of all data sources and methods is crucial for appropriate data analysis.</li><li>Discussion sections should address bias issues and explain how they were addressed in the study's design and interpretation. </li></ul></div><div class="sec sec-first" id="s2.1">3. Authorship Definition and Importance<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>No universally agreed definition of authorship.</li><li>Authors should have made substantial contributions to the intellectual content.</li><li>Authors should conceptualize, design, acquire, analyze, and interpret data.</li><li>Authors should certify the manuscript's validity and take public responsibility.</li><li>Authors usually draft or revise the manuscript and approve the submitted one.</li><li>Data collection, grammar, and language editing do not deserve authorship.</li><li>Early decision-making is crucial in research planning.</li><li>The "Advice to Authors" of the target journal can guide authorship issues.</li></ul></div><div class="sec sec-first" id="s2.1">4. Conflicts of Interest in Research<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Conflicts of interest can influence researchers' judgments on published work.</li><li>These conflicts can be personal, commercial, political, academic, or financial.</li><li>Financial interests can include employment, research funding, stock ownership, payment for travel, consultancies, and company support.</li><li>These conflicts should be discussed early in the research process.</li><li>Researchers should consult an independent researcher or Ethics Committee if doubts arise.</li><li>Conflicts of interest should be declared to editors during publication. </li></ul></div><p> 5. Redundant Publication and Plagiarism in Research<br /><br />Redundant Publication:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Involves two or more papers sharing the same hypothesis, data, discussion points, or conclusions without full cross-referencing.</li><li>Previous publication does not preclude subsequent submission, but full disclosure is required.</li><li>Self-plagiarism is a growing issue in a competitive environment influencing appointments, promotions, and grant applications.</li></ul><p>Plagiarism:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Ranges from unreferenced use of others' published ideas to submission under "new" authorship.</li><li>It's crucial to disclose all sources of information and seek permission for large amounts of other people's materials.</li></ul>

Research Methodology Ethical issues related to publishing

1. Study design and ethics approval COPE emphasizes the importance of well-planned, ethically approved research. A research protocol should ...

When and where to publish research paper

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<h3 style="text-align: center;">Where to publish research paper?<br /></h3><p></p><p>Here are some of the places where you can publish your paper <br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">1. Conferences</h3><p>The internet has not stopped traditional face-to-face meetings, but conferences still provide valuable networking opportunities and feedback for improving studies or manuscripts. </p><p>Journals allow research to appear as posters or abstracts in peer-reviewed proceedings, but may not allow republishing after publishing a full or partial version. Some journals may require new content before submission and require copyright permission. </p><p>The Ingelfinger Rule protects the public from misinformation and allows journals to publish full reports. Some countries and journals have media embargo systems to allow for accurate news writing and wider distribution. However, the internet has made it easy for fake conferences and proceedings to be organized. </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">2. <span id="Blogs_social_platforms_and_own_websites">Blogs, social platforms, and own websites</span></h3>
<p>Blogs, general social media, scholarly collaboration networks (e.g., <a data-cke-saved-href="https://www.researchgate.net/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="12958" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://www.researchgate.net/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ResearchGate</a>, <a data-cke-saved-href="https://www.academia.edu/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="12968" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://www.academia.edu/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Academia</a>),
 researchers’ own websites, and institutional websites are popular for 
sharing research ideas and findings widely, especially as nontechnical 
summaries after formal publication.</p>
<p>However, whether the full text of a published journal article can be 
shared directly on those sites depends on the copyright and licensing 
arrangements of the journal.</p>
<p><span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Postpublication" data-wsc-id="kume12elnuu575cpm" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Postpublication</span> promotion of your research in the form of lay summaries and news stories can also be done on dedicated news sites such as <a data-cke-saved-href="https://www.eurekalert.org/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="13718" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">EurekAlert!</a> and <a data-cke-saved-href="https://www.alphagalileo.org/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="13726" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://www.alphagalileo.org/en-gb/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">AlphaGalilieo</a>, and other platforms such as <a data-cke-saved-href="https://www.growkudos.com/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="13738" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://info.growkudos.com/research-stories-communication-impact" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kudos </a>and <a data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="13755" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://ourresearch.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">OurResearch</a>.</p>
<p>A problem for people who share research findings in websites and social media <b>before </b>formal publication is that these postings are not peer reviewed,
 may constitute prior publication, and could be plagiarized by others 
but not be detected by text-matching software because they may not be 
included in the comparison database.</p>
<p>Two cases reported to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) have involved a research paper that plagiarized blog content and an author who posted the accepted version of a paper on a website without permission.</p>
<p>Again, it’s best to check with the journal what they deem as prior 
publication and what versions of a paper can be self-archived and when.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;"> 3. <span id="Trial_registries">Trial registries</span></h3>
<p>Reputable journals that publish prospective human trials require the 
advance online registration of the study protocol in a clinical trials 
database/registry (e.g., <a data-cke-saved-href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="16785" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov" rel="noopener" target="_blank">www.clinicaltrials.gov</a>), before the actual study started.</p>
<p>The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors does not consider <a data-cke-saved-href="http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="17435" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="http://www.icmje.org/about-icmje/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">trial registration and certain registry declarations of the results</a> to be prior publication. The norm is for interventional (experimental) <a data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="17471" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://learning.edanz.com/clinical-study-clinical-trial-types/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">clinical trials</a> to be registered, but some journals also encourage human observational (nonexperimental) studies to be registered.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">4. <span id="Data_repositories">Data repositories</span></h3>
<p>Online repositories such as <a data-cke-saved-href="http://datadryad.org/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="20135" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="http://datadryad.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Dryad</a>, <a data-cke-saved-href="https://figshare.com/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="20142" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://figshare.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Figshare</a>, and <a data-cke-saved-href="https://zenodo.org/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="20153" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://zenodo.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Zenodo</a> accept data files, <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="slidesets" data-wsc-id="kume12ho6b0rhpzon" data-wsc-lang="en_US">slidesets</span>,
 papers, media files, posters, and other research outputs. Some 
repositories, including the three named examples, are integrated with <a data-cke-saved-href="https://orcid.org/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="20169" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://orcid.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ORCID</a>, where you can keep a complete research record under a unique personal number.</p>
<p>The objects that you self-archive are not peer reviewed but receive digital object identifiers (<span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="DOIs" data-wsc-id="kume12q6yyw1t3o4t" data-wsc-lang="en_US">DOIs</span>)
 and are hence persistently findable and linkable. Files are citable, 
can be freely shared, and can be used as supplementary files during 
journal submissions. Some repositories may be partnered with journals.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">5. <span id="Preprints">Preprints</span></h3>
<p>Preprints (or “working papers”) are drafts of manuscripts that 
authors may upload/post/deposit to general or discipline-specific 
preprint servers, or to own websites or institutional or 
commercial/noncommercial data repositories.</p>
<p>Preprints have not been formally peer reviewed and must not have been
 formally published by a peer-reviewed journal. Using preprint servers, 
authors can usually post revisions of preprints but previous versions 
are retained for reference.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The <a data-cke-saved-href="https://arxiv.org/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="21767" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://arxiv.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">arXiv</a>
 site is the most well known preprint server and was established in 1991
 for physics, mathematics, computer science, and other disciplines. 
Newer preprint servers include <a data-cke-saved-href="http://www.biorxiv.org/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="21775" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">bioRxiv</a> (for biology), <a data-cke-saved-href="https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="21787" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://psyarxiv.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">PsyArXiv</a> (for psychology), <a data-cke-saved-href="https://osf.io/view/socarxiv/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="21793" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://osf.io/view/socarxiv/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">SocArXiv </a>(for social sciences) and <a data-cke-saved-href="https://osf.io/preprints/engrxiv/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="21805" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://engrxiv.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">engrXiv</a> (for engineering).</p><p> </p><p> </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">6. <span id="Open_access_repositories">Open access repositories</span></h3>
<p>Some funders require that research outputs be made freely available, 
so “green open access” journals may allow authors to self-archive 
preprints and accepted versions – but not the final published article 
(“version of record”). “Gold open access” journals allow self-archiving 
of the final version, for noncommercial use or also commercial use. 
Please consult individual journal policies for special arrangements to 
comply with open access mandates of research funders.</p>
<p>For example, if research was funded by the US National Institutes of 
Health, publishers or authors would need to upload relevant accepted 
manuscripts or final published articles to the <a data-cke-saved-href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="25504" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">PubMedCentral</a> repository.</p><p> </p><h3 style="text-align: left;"> 7. <span id="Theses_and_dissertations">Theses and dissertations</span></h3>
<p>Although not formally published, student theses and dissertations may
 be available online via university libraries or national repositories. 
Generally in the UK, theses are what PhD candidates write and 
dissertations are what Master students write, but in the US, the terms 
are switched around. In some countries, the terms are interchangeable.</p>
<p>Most journals allow manuscript submissions that have been derived 
from degree work, but be sure by checking journal guidelines and by 
declaring the origin of the work in your cover letter.</p>
<p>Beware of <a data-cke-saved-href="http://www.fairtrading.nsw.gov.au/Consumers/Scams/Types_of_scams/Vanity_publishers.html" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="27131" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://beallslist.net/vanity-press/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">unethical vanity presses</a>
 and print-on-demand/print-to-order services that may invite you to 
self-publish your thesis as a book without peer review or editing, and 
maybe after copyright transfer and payment.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span id="Books">8. Books</span></h3>
<p>Some researchers, especially in the humanities and social sciences, 
formally publish their work as book chapters, books, and monographs 
rather than journal articles. After obtaining necessary permissions, 
some authors publish books containing all or parts of previously 
published journal articles. Academic books of reputable publishers 
undergo peer review, but books tend not to be cited as much as journal articles.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span id="Journals">9.Journals</span></h3>
<p>Formal publication of research is most often done in peer-reviewed 
journals of publishers, companies, societies, and universities. There is
 more to selecting the best target journal than simply looking at the 
Journal Impact Factor. Some institutions, publishers, organizations, and
 individuals have signed the <a data-cke-saved-href="http://www.ascb.org/dora/" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen1796861_809="28898" data-gtm-vis-has-fired1796861_809="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time1796861_809="100" href="https://sfdora.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA)</a> statement and are moving away from tracking journal <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="bibliometrics" data-wsc-id="kume14ag9g42lk8yd" data-wsc-lang="en_US">bibliometrics</span>.</p>
<p>Many types of journals exist — for example, by topic and readership, 
by article type (e.g., review journals and some methodology journals do 
not publish original research), by mode of peer review, by medium 
(print, online, or both), and by publishing model (open access, 
subscription, pay-per-view).</p>
<p>A major difference between some journals is their selection criteria.
 In addition to assessing academic/scientific quality (which could be 
called objective or technical peer review), some journals emphasize 
potential importance or impact, or newsworthiness (which could be called
 subjective, nontechnical, or journalistic peer review).</p><h3 style="text-align: center;"> When to publish research paper ?<br /></h3><p> <span class="ILfuVd" lang="en"><span class="hgKElc">The timeline for 
publishing a research paper can vary depending on the field, complexity 
of the research, and the specific journals review process. However, many
 researchers are able to complete their research, write the paper, go 
through the peer-review process, and have it published <b>within a year</b>.</span></span></p>

Research Methodology When and where to publish research paper

Where to publish research paper? Here are some of the places where you can publish your paper 1. Conferences The internet has not stopped tr...

Impact factor of Journals

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<p>Impact Factor (IF) in Journals<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>IF is a measure of a journal's relative importance in its field, introduced by Eugene Garfield.</li><li>It is not linked to the quality of peer review or content, but rather the average number of citations to articles published in various media.</li><li>Journals with higher IFs are considered more important than those with lower ones.</li><li>The highest IF is the one that publishes the most commonly cited articles over a 2-year period.</li><li>IF applies only to journals, not individual articles or scientists.</li><li>The IF of a journal is calculated annually by Thomson Scientific for those journals it indexes and published in Journal Citation Reports.</li><li>The IF for biomedical journals can range up to 5-8%.</li><li>The calculation of IF for a journal where a person has published articles is a contentious issue, but Eugene Garfield warns against making personal judgments. </li></ul><p>The impact factor (IF) is a metric used to assess the influence of an academic journal.<br /><br /> It essentially reflects the average number of times articles published in a particular journal are cited within a specific time frame (usually two years) by other scholarly publications. Here's a breakdown of how it works:<br /><br /><b>Calculation:</b><br /><br />The impact factor for a given year is calculated by dividing the number of citations in that year to articles published in the journal during the previous two years, by the total number of citable items published in those two years.<br /><br />For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 5, it means that, on average, articles published in that journal over the past two years were cited 5 times each in the current year by other scholarly publications.<br /><br />Impact and Limitations:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>    <b>Higher Impact Factor</b>: Generally, journals with higher impact factors are considered more prestigious and influential within their field. This can be a deciding factor when choosing a journal to submit your research for publication, as publishing in a high-impact journal can increase the visibility and reach of your work.</li><li>    <b>Limitations</b>: It's important to recognize that impact factor has limitations. Here are some to consider:</li><li>        <b>Field-Specific:</b> Impact factor can vary significantly across different academic disciplines. A high impact factor in computer science might not be as impressive in a field like literary studies.</li><li>        <b>Citation Practices:</b> Citation practices can differ between fields. Some fields naturally generate more citations than others, which can skew the impact factor.</li><li>        <b>Article Age:</b> Impact factor is an average and doesn't reflect the citation rates of individual articles. Newer articles may not have had enough time to be cited extensively.</li><li>        <b>Focus on Citations</b>: Impact factor solely focuses on citations and doesn't necessarily reflect the quality or originality of the research itself.</li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Alternatives to Impact Factor:</h3><p style="text-align: left;">While impact factor remains a widely used metric, other journal evaluation methods are gaining traction. Here are a few examples:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> <b>CiteScore:</b> This metric, calculated by Elsevier's Scopus database, is similar to impact factor but considers citations to a journal's articles over a four-year window.</li><li>    <b>Eigenfactor Score</b>: This metric takes into account the prestige of the citing journals, giving more weight to citations from high-impact journals.</li><li>    <b>Altmetrics:</b> This approach looks beyond traditional citations and considers mentions of the research on social media, news outlets, and other online platforms.</li></ul><p style="text-align: left;">Choosing a Journal:<br /><br />When selecting a journal for your research, consider impact factor alongside other factors like:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>    Journal Scope: Does the journal's area of focus align with your research topic?</li><li>    Target Audience: Who are the intended readers of the journal?</li><li>    Submission Guidelines: Does your research adhere to the journal's formatting and content requirements?</li><li>    Publication Timeline: How long does the journal typically take to review and publish articles? </li></ul>

Research Methodology Impact factor of Journals

Impact Factor (IF) in Journals IF is a measure of a journal's relative importance in its field, introduced by Eugene Garfield. It is not...

Journals in Computer Science

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<p> Journals are scholarly publications that present the latest research findings, reviews, and other content relevant to a specific academic discipline. In computer science, numerous journals cover a wide range of topics and cater to different research areas.<br /><br />Here are some of the top computer science journals:<br /></p><p>1<b>. Communications of the ACM (CACM)</b>:Published by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), CACM is a leading journal that covers a broad spectrum of computer science research, including theory, software engineering, programming languages, and emerging technologies.</p><p><b>2. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI):</b></p><p>This IEEE journal is a prominent publication in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on image and signal processing, computer vision, and pattern recognition. </p><p><b>3. Journal of the ACM (JACM):</b></p><p>Another highly regarded ACM journal, JACM publishes theoretical computer science research, covering areas like algorithms, data structures, computational complexity, and cryptography.</p><p><b>4. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR):</b></p><p>This journal features in-depth review articles that summarize the current state of knowledge on specific computer science topics.<br /></p><p><b>5. Artificial Intelligence (AI):</b></p><p>Published by Elsevier, AI is a leading journal dedicated to research on the theoretical and practical aspects of artificial intelligence.</p><p><b>6. VLDB Journal:</b></p><p>This journal focuses on research related to very large databases (VLDB), covering data management systems, query processing, and data warehousing.<br /></p><p><b>7. Software Engineering Journal (SEJ):</b></p><p>Published by the British Computer Society, SEJ covers various aspects of software engineering,<br />including software development methodologies, requirements engineering, testing, and project management.</p><p><b>8. Nature Machine Intelligence:</b></p><p>This journal, published by the Nature Research group, focuses on cutting-edge research in machine learning and artificial intelligence.<br /></p><p>9. <b>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)</b> - Computer Science:PNAS publishes high-impact research across all scientific disciplines, including a computer science section featuring significant theoretical and applied contributions.</p><p>10. <strong>Science Robotics:</strong><span>This journal,</span><span> published by the Science Advances family,</span><span> features research on robotics encompassing design,</span><span> control,</span><span> perception,</span><span> and applications in various domains.</span></p><p><span>These are just a few examples,<br /><br /> and the specific journals you'll encounter will depend on your area of interest within computer science.<br /><br /><b>Choosing a Journal:</b><br /><br />Selecting the right journal to publish your research is crucial. Here are some factors to consider:<br /></span></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span> </span>Scope and Focus: Ensure the journal aligns with your research topic and falls within its area of coverage.</li><li>    Impact Factor: Consider the journal's impact factor, which reflects the average number of citations articles published in that journal receive over a specific period.</li><li>    Audience: Identify the journal's target audience to ensure your research reaches the intended readership.</li><li>    Submission Guidelines: Carefully review the journal's submission guidelines to ensure your manuscript adheres to formatting, style, and content requirements.</li><li>    Publication Timeline: Consider the journal's typical processing time for reviewing and publishing articles. </li></ol>

Research Methodology Journals in Computer Science

Journals are scholarly publications that present the latest research findings, reviews, and other content relevant to a specific academic d...

Layout of a Research Paper

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<p> A typical research paper follows a specific structure to present information logically and ensure clarity for the reader.</p><div _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container">Preliminary Pages:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Title Page:</b> This includes the title of your research, your name(s) and affiliation(s), instructor's name (if applicable), course name (if applicable), and submission date.</li><li> <b>Abstract (Optional):</b> This is a concise summary (usually 150-250 words) that outlines the research topic, methodology, key findings, and conclusions.</li></ul><b>Main Text:</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> <b>Introduction</b>: This section introduces the research topic, identifies the research question or problem, and provides background information to establish its significance.</li><li _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container">    <b>Literature Review (Optional): </b>This section discusses previous research related to your topic, summarizing relevant findings and highlighting gaps in knowledge that your research aims to address.</li><li _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container">    <b>Methodology:</b> Here you explain the methods used to conduct your research, including data collection techniques, analysis methods, and any tools or materials employed.</li><li _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container">    <b>Results:</b> This section presents the findings of your research in an objective manner. You might use tables, figures, or charts to illustrate your data.</li><li>    <b>Discussion:</b> This section interprets your results, explaining their meaning and significance in relation to the research question and existing literature. You might discuss limitations of the study and implications for future research.</li></ul></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container"><b>Concluding Sections:</b><br /></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container"><b>Conclusion:</b> This section summarizes the key findings of your research, reiterates its significance, and may draw broader conclusions or suggest future research directions.</li><li><b>References: </b>This section lists all the sources you cited in your research, formatted according to a specific style guide (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).</li></ul><div _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container" style="text-align: left;"><b>Additional Elements (Optional):</b><br /></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container" style="text-align: left;"><b>Appendix:</b> This section can include supplementary information that is too lengthy or detailed for the main text, such as raw data, questionnaires, or code.</li><li><b>Acknowledgements:</b> This section is a brief note expressing gratitude to anyone who provided assistance with your research (e.g., advisor, participants).</li></ul><div _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container" style="text-align: left;"><br /> ................................................................................................................................................................</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container" style="text-align: left;"> </div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2834669928="" class="container" style="text-align: left;">Formatting:<br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>    Use a consistent font style and size (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt).</li><li>    Maintain standard margins (e.g., 1 inch).</li><li>    Apply double line spacing for easier reading.</li><li>    Include page numbers.</li><li>    Use headings and subheadings to organize your content.</li></ul></div>

Research Methodology Layout of a Research Paper

A typical research paper follows a specific structure to present information logically and ensure clarity for the reader. Preliminary Pages...

Chi-square test for testing hypothesis of association

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<p> What is a test of statistical significance?</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Allows analysts to estimate confidence in the generalizability of results from a study.</li><li>Indicates risk of concluding a relationship in the population when there is no such relationship.</li><li>Statistically significant findings are not intrinsically significant or important.</li><li>The term significance' implies importance, but it's solely concerned with researcher's confidence in their findings.</li></ul><p>What is the level of statistical significance? </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The level of statistical significance is the risk of inferring a relationship between two variables in a population from which the sample was taken.</li><li>The maximum level of risk in business and managerial research is p < 0.05, meaning there are up to 5 chances in 100 of falsely concluding a relationship.</li><li>A significance level of p < 0.1 accepts the possibility that 10 out of 100 samples might show a relationship where none exists in the population.</li><li>• The risk of falsely inferring a relationship is greater when the risk is 1 in 10 (10 out of 100 when p < 0.1) than when the risk is 1 in 20 (5 out of 100 when p < 0.05).</li><li>For a more stringent test, the p < 0.01 level is chosen, allowing for a probability of only 1 in 100 that the results could have arisen by chance (sampling error).</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlwCOvmdGkG5KST1g2hsPdRZa2QsOvFY4rgWWJZqiK4hAe6hDHRMU4_H_NBjQQT7YDfA4RxsHrEA9AWvBkFviZKPdeMCq5NR8UkbTN0Y1VHsXbME21IJBfMxPil4rbmp_VZqCq-xiWox87IVN1fb5c8iBSG9D_TksQH2F5UV_7IL5AE2VAfS5ZGSpFJDY/s532/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20084424.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="532" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlwCOvmdGkG5KST1g2hsPdRZa2QsOvFY4rgWWJZqiK4hAe6hDHRMU4_H_NBjQQT7YDfA4RxsHrEA9AWvBkFviZKPdeMCq5NR8UkbTN0Y1VHsXbME21IJBfMxPil4rbmp_VZqCq-xiWox87IVN1fb5c8iBSG9D_TksQH2F5UV_7IL5AE2VAfS5ZGSpFJDY/w640-h404/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20084424.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>We can summarize the process of hypothesis testing as follows. This 
procedure is only for the purposes of illustrating the logic of 
hypothesis testing; </p>  
  
<p>1. Formulate the null hypothesis, <i>H</i><sub>0</sub>, and the alternative hypothesis, <i>H<sub>a</sub></i>, for the problem.</p>  
<p>2. Select a significance level, <i>α,</i> that defines the measure of a statistically significant deviation. (Typical values for <i>α</i> are 0.01 and 0.05.)</p>  
<p>3. Choose an appropriate test statistic for evaluating the hypothesis.</p>  
<p>4. Calculate the critical value, <i>c,</i> according to the test statistic and the significance level, <i>α</i>.</p>  
<p>5. Evaluate the data for the random variable and determine if it exceeds the critical value, <i>c</i>,
 for the test statistic. If so, then the null hypothesis should be 
rejected; if not, then the null hypothesis should not be rejected.</p><p></p><p><b> Chi-square test:</b><br /></p><p>The chi-square test of independence also known as the chi-square test
 of association which is used to determine the association between the 
categorical variables. It is considered as a non-parametric test. It is mostly used to test statistical independence.</p>
<p>The chi-square test of independence is not appropriate when the 
categorical variables represent the pre-test and post-test observations.
 For this test, the data must meet the following requirements:</p>
<ul><li>Two categorical variables</li><li>Relatively large sample size</li><li>Categories of variables (two or more)</li><li>Independence of observations</li></ul><p> </p><h2>Formula</h2>
<p>The chi-squared test is done to check if there is any difference 
between the observed value and expected value. The formula for 
chi-square can be written as;</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggRh-xNYp9WULSVcyGJbYi5femBnw64fuIpts8kF7ys0Ttj5eF7njiVwUDn6bdDmpPhcWmw0HSzCY2PzqjNnuWDWKIr74MsnMxx0Lb3ljs1-nZaDugFb7kAaQfL8XzGBQB8SqhXBVHzcwzRiV6q3lbWge5yzMw81ZTR8zLIxonipHlWHxACdzXf7MUzgs/s892/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-22-17%20Chi-Square%20Test%20How%20to%20Calculate%20Chi-square%20using%20Formula%20with%20Example.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="892" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggRh-xNYp9WULSVcyGJbYi5femBnw64fuIpts8kF7ys0Ttj5eF7njiVwUDn6bdDmpPhcWmw0HSzCY2PzqjNnuWDWKIr74MsnMxx0Lb3ljs1-nZaDugFb7kAaQfL8XzGBQB8SqhXBVHzcwzRiV6q3lbWge5yzMw81ZTR8zLIxonipHlWHxACdzXf7MUzgs/w640-h298/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-22-17%20Chi-Square%20Test%20How%20to%20Calculate%20Chi-square%20using%20Formula%20with%20Example.png" width="640" /></a></div> Examples: <p></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">1. A survey on cars had conducted in 2011 and determined that 60% of car owners have </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">only
 one car, 28% have two cars, and 12% have three or more. Supposing that 
you have decided to conduct your own survey and have collected the data 
below, determine whether your data supports the results of the study.</span>
</p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Use a significance level of 0.05. Also, given that, out of 129 car owners, 73 had one car and 38 had two cars.</span></p>
<p><b>Solution:</b></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Let us state the null and alternative hypotheses.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">H<sub>0</sub>: The proportion of car owners with one, two or three cars is 0.60, 0.28 and 0.12 respectively.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">H<sub>1</sub>: The proportion of car owners with one, two or three cars does not match the proposed model.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A Chi-Square goodness of fit test is appropriate because we are examining the distribution of a single categorical variable. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Let’s tabulate the given information and calculate the required values.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8PaTPY915JKKWwCdEgxH1Xf1RV8F5TF8t3aZwF1OdbeYWSXWgZUmiqMqPuIidp6gJW2_ccd_SHfk2hQmH3kgwLJ7H9d8cR39Ic1h1nsTPFrj57RFoLT2sikyNCNsB0rIlPX0zzIeUR2JwUCWqpNVcVyRZaazQzOlVEHxMAp0jWIsTPwYa2BM8w0723tM/s850/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-23-37%20Chi-Square%20Test%20How%20to%20Calculate%20Chi-square%20using%20Formula%20with%20Example.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="850" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8PaTPY915JKKWwCdEgxH1Xf1RV8F5TF8t3aZwF1OdbeYWSXWgZUmiqMqPuIidp6gJW2_ccd_SHfk2hQmH3kgwLJ7H9d8cR39Ic1h1nsTPFrj57RFoLT2sikyNCNsB0rIlPX0zzIeUR2JwUCWqpNVcVyRZaazQzOlVEHxMAp0jWIsTPwYa2BM8w0723tM/w640-h222/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-23-37%20Chi-Square%20Test%20How%20to%20Calculate%20Chi-square%20using%20Formula%20with%20Example.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Therefore, χ<sup>2</sup></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> = ∑(O<sub>i</sub></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> – E<sub>i</sub></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">)<sup>2</sup></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">/E<sub>i</sub></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> = 0.7533</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Let’s compare it to the chi-square value for the significance level 0.05. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The degrees for freedom = 3 – 1 = 2</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Using the table, the critical value for a 0.05 significance level with df = 2 is 5.99. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That means that 95 times out of 100, a survey that agrees with a sample will have a χ<sup>2</sup></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> value of 5.99 or less. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Chi-square statistic is only 0.7533, so we will accept the null hypothesis.</span></p><p></p><p>2. A certain casino game involves numbers between 1 and 32 that each have 
an associated color (red or black). The cross tabulation for the data is
 shown below.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYq-IWX-9ge9kqBna9QwLW5zzqpVTqyqGJ1ox4nW9aKmDzuPyAK4-_2oCRMGcJrw18_DtCSg2C6tFSKjE-jB7viWebfHPdPUZH01BrdGDdyu1OI7xO7zuTIbDNU2AvQDPAc2j8hFLotIH_kWxj0yqbe8ZfmDLFJ9Xz9GHjCmTq5-eo40yxapSamPbmbiw/s927/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-25-05%20How%20to%20Calculate%20the%20Chi-Square%20Statistic%20for%20a%20Cross%20Tabulation.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="927" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYq-IWX-9ge9kqBna9QwLW5zzqpVTqyqGJ1ox4nW9aKmDzuPyAK4-_2oCRMGcJrw18_DtCSg2C6tFSKjE-jB7viWebfHPdPUZH01BrdGDdyu1OI7xO7zuTIbDNU2AvQDPAc2j8hFLotIH_kWxj0yqbe8ZfmDLFJ9Xz9GHjCmTq5-eo40yxapSamPbmbiw/w640-h358/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-25-05%20How%20to%20Calculate%20the%20Chi-Square%20Statistic%20for%20a%20Cross%20Tabulation.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>Determine if color has any relation to evenness/oddness.</p>  
  
<blockquote dir="ltr">Solution: We can use hypothesis testing to determine whether such a relationship exists. Let's assume, as our null hypothesis, that color and evenness/oddness are not related, and we'll assume a significance level of α = 0.05. Note that the number of degrees of freedom, n, in this case is  
</blockquote>
  
<p><sub><img alt="" height="27" src="https://cdn.4uc.org/gmzo/577/9770454/download/images/gmz9454x94719z6795016.gif" width="131" /></sub></p><p></p><p>Let's calculate the expected frequencies and place them below the 
observed values in the table. The expected frequency in each case is the
 product of the corresponding row and column totals divided by the grand
 total (32).</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG1YBtDrYiXJDxXYPVtmDZ-UXrFKIRMnsUFkC2p_xnOJEBfIrLGukgOYcOjRx0TgNMMVpAbHZMzdGxFxNz-_iEqnwOix0R97kvmWt3oiX55EMs2FVF8dkFko8YZ4XxcV9xvfIRExmFMu0UthwrO0nvbZA8ts4RAQ86Rbyr0dX2-0lzDDeUdtn-tAAe4O8/s887/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-26-21%20How%20to%20Calculate%20the%20Chi-Square%20Statistic%20for%20a%20Cross%20Tabulation.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="887" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG1YBtDrYiXJDxXYPVtmDZ-UXrFKIRMnsUFkC2p_xnOJEBfIrLGukgOYcOjRx0TgNMMVpAbHZMzdGxFxNz-_iEqnwOix0R97kvmWt3oiX55EMs2FVF8dkFko8YZ4XxcV9xvfIRExmFMu0UthwrO0nvbZA8ts4RAQ86Rbyr0dX2-0lzDDeUdtn-tAAe4O8/w640-h458/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-26-21%20How%20to%20Calculate%20the%20Chi-Square%20Statistic%20for%20a%20Cross%20Tabulation.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /> Now, let's calculate the values for adding into the chi-square 
statistic. These component values are the squared differences between 
the observed and expected values divided by the expected values.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7qxaIt-jOLunpTPecZd1jODsi1nuame2vRJv1eNjVkfTTJh87BEEtdlQxO1fM47MZnnCohJcRJZimxXHsKLayDYvZoEvT-7zegdxMTv96_xTxbbmVzLyR866HmmmfazN55hXUuQZIwnCEazu2LKeIVXtCpfiBy4qTwvZ0MIzWNvJXDJokx9riWPKech8/s927/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-27-49%20How%20to%20Calculate%20the%20Chi-Square%20Statistic%20for%20a%20Cross%20Tabulation.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="927" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7qxaIt-jOLunpTPecZd1jODsi1nuame2vRJv1eNjVkfTTJh87BEEtdlQxO1fM47MZnnCohJcRJZimxXHsKLayDYvZoEvT-7zegdxMTv96_xTxbbmVzLyR866HmmmfazN55hXUuQZIwnCEazu2LKeIVXtCpfiBy4qTwvZ0MIzWNvJXDJokx9riWPKech8/w640-h280/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20at%2009-27-49%20How%20to%20Calculate%20the%20Chi-Square%20Statistic%20for%20a%20Cross%20Tabulation.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p>We can now calculate our chi-square statistic.</p>  
<p> </p>  
<p><sub><img alt="" height="24" src="https://cdn.4uc.org/gmzo/577/9770454/download/images/gmz9454x29286z6795018.gif" width="259" /></sub></p>  
<p> </p>  
<p>From the chi-square table, we find that the critical value for one degree of freedom and 1 – <i>α</i> = 0.95 is 3.84. Thus, since 0.5 < 3.84 (or <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> < <i>c</i>),
 we can proceed on the assumption that our null hypothesis is 
correct--no relationship between color and evenness/oddness exists.</p>

Research Methodology Chi-square test for testing hypothesis of association

What is a test of statistical significance? Allows analysts to estimate confidence in the generalizability of results from a study. Indicat...

Bivariate analysis – Cross tabulations

22.5.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<div>Bivariate analysis is concerned with the analysis of two variables at a time in order to uncover whether or not the two variables are related. <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Exploring relationships between variables means searching for evidence that the variation in one variable coincides with variation in another variable. A variety of techniques is available for examining relationships, but their use depends on the nature of the two variables being analyzed.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1AFLefmVFg4gpUE5ezqA1pDDNJ9xc_3lPRYYYhVPXx1mBYR8R0AZyd4YFPoZQD151_mm1vgGQ0EnUqppYdUHyAQXfZY9VH0XqCriQBW7sAmH5DAMdWDewa8KrGG54aym67eL1uhIqQzxHStjvgQ4w7ohDXl4Wke1lWeaAGt6EegnIDJiVR5IlUfDnspg/s862/methods%20of%20bivariate%20analysis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="862" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1AFLefmVFg4gpUE5ezqA1pDDNJ9xc_3lPRYYYhVPXx1mBYR8R0AZyd4YFPoZQD151_mm1vgGQ0EnUqppYdUHyAQXfZY9VH0XqCriQBW7sAmH5DAMdWDewa8KrGG54aym67eL1uhIqQzxHStjvgQ4w7ohDXl4Wke1lWeaAGt6EegnIDJiVR5IlUfDnspg/w640-h428/methods%20of%20bivariate%20analysis.png" width="640" /></a></div><h3> Contingency / <em>Cross Tabulation</em> Tables in Data Analysis</h3><ul><li>Contingency tables are flexible methods for analyzing relationships between variables.</li><li>They allow simultaneous analysis of two variables, examining relationships between them.</li><li>They are often used to include percentages for easier interpretation.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicu9jDCDUxq7aX6-fVNyBTkPvAv2Fahqg62LMIdBhxT6Xfzs1hnWyi9018vmRZyl_AFM6j3lsVa1S9Btsm41GhSV01rElrDg7LJNv5ivrARTXMcDvP7h9iWff4J4WDxiXBFE4ps1w9OB03pxx8resnsnmLayzhUtaUlFVCGc2RYVLZYmWA2xcGJW2FAII/s407/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20083123.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="407" height="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicu9jDCDUxq7aX6-fVNyBTkPvAv2Fahqg62LMIdBhxT6Xfzs1hnWyi9018vmRZyl_AFM6j3lsVa1S9Btsm41GhSV01rElrDg7LJNv5ivrARTXMcDvP7h9iWff4J4WDxiXBFE4ps1w9OB03pxx8resnsnmLayzhUtaUlFVCGc2RYVLZYmWA2xcGJW2FAII/w640-h550/Screenshot%202024-05-23%20083123.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Table 14.4 examines the relationship between gender and reasons for visiting the gym.</li><li>Percentages are calculated as a percentage of the total number in each column.</li><li>The presumed independent variable is presented as the column variable and the presumed dependent variable as the rows variable.</li><li>Contingency tables are used to search for patterns of association.</li><li>Females are more likely to visit the gym for weight loss and relaxation, while men are more likely to build strength. <br /></li></ul></div>

Research Methodology Bivariate analysis – Cross tabulations

Bivariate analysis is concerned with the analysis of two variables at a time in order to uncover whether or not the two variables are relate...

Univariate analysis (frequency tables, bar charts, pie charts, percentages)

22.5.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<div><p> Univariate Analysis Overview<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A basic statistical data analysis technique.</li><li>Data contains only one variable, excluding cause and effect relationships.</li><li>Useful in identifying patterns in data.</li><li>Methods include mean, mode, median, standard deviation, and dispersion.</li><li>Univariate analysis is the simplest form of data analysis.</li><li>It involves summarizing data and identifying patterns.</li></ul><h3 class="nx lo fr be lp ny nz oa lt ob oc od lx mw oe of og na oh oi oj ne ok ol om on bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="1948" style="text-align: left;">HOW DO YOU CONDUCT UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS?</h3><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="235d">Univariate
 analysis is conducted in many ways and most of these ways are of a 
descriptive nature. These are the Frequency Distribution Tables, 
Frequency Polygons, Histograms, Bar Charts and Pie Charts</p><h2 class="nx lo fr be lp ny nz oa lt ob oc od lx mw oe of og na oh oi oj ne ok ol om on bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="6638">Types of Univariate Analysis</h2><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="83fd">Let us get into details here of the kind of analysis that is done to analyze univariate data.</p><h3 class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="83fd" style="text-align: left;"><strong class="mn fs">1. Frequency distribution table</strong></h3><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c">Frequency
 means how often something takes place. The observation frequency tells 
the number of times for the occurrence of an event. The frequency 
distribution table may show categorical or qualitative and numeric or 
quantitative variables. The distribution gives a snapshot of the data 
and lets you find out the patterns.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhumVzdV1yxSLpKzRkBgXh4x4IqNEn9ZFXcfr-KBbnIjnVHXFbTffhyphenhyphen7b0-4MACc2TN1g7d44sVTbU0mRgzWao2wuca4E0cxntCke0IxKYTHyteUD3dDOSXjzbdnbkoAKYww5jit9nZcPnqO85LugX8hBKtMNxHY8d9WUva0aI6SZ4NeKmBeWtDeOG6t0/s512/Frequency%20Table.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="512" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhumVzdV1yxSLpKzRkBgXh4x4IqNEn9ZFXcfr-KBbnIjnVHXFbTffhyphenhyphen7b0-4MACc2TN1g7d44sVTbU0mRgzWao2wuca4E0cxntCke0IxKYTHyteUD3dDOSXjzbdnbkoAKYww5jit9nZcPnqO85LugX8hBKtMNxHY8d9WUva0aI6SZ4NeKmBeWtDeOG6t0/w640-h310/Frequency%20Table.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c" style="text-align: center;">Table 1<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">2. Diagrams</h3><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c">Diagrams are among the most frequently used methods of displaying quantitative data. Their chief advantage is that they are relatively easy to interpret and understand.<br /><br />If you are working with nominal or ordinal variables, the bar chart and the pie chart are two of the easiest methods to use.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c"> 2.1. <strong class="mn fs">Bar chart</strong></p><p>The
 bar chart is represented in the form of rectangular bars. The graph 
will compare various categories. The graph could be plotted vertically 
or these could be plotted horizontally. In maximum cases, the bar will 
be plotted vertically. The horizontal or the x-axis will represent the 
category and the vertical y-axis represents the category’s value. The 
bar graph looks at the data set and makes comparisons. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSXd7Z1aFboILUuhBFJl10qMLhAlhIpWy1g_3A_rayjbRr9roe82IzwtsfM9VSBMI1WqYAaxRg6eiLT3lQNfBPyjSrHt1ePNP2ZazkBLESizZuPKCv3fquF53oyGIJFMZQivfVJ_yuX4tgW8hNuCWUjilRp2qi-7Q2Ftiqoyo37Y95_4lWIG8Q7vYw_yI/s1100/0%20W2L2MzhuoFnJFcxm.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="1100" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSXd7Z1aFboILUuhBFJl10qMLhAlhIpWy1g_3A_rayjbRr9roe82IzwtsfM9VSBMI1WqYAaxRg6eiLT3lQNfBPyjSrHt1ePNP2ZazkBLESizZuPKCv3fquF53oyGIJFMZQivfVJ_yuX4tgW8hNuCWUjilRp2qi-7Q2Ftiqoyo37Y95_4lWIG8Q7vYw_yI/w640-h356/0%20W2L2MzhuoFnJFcxm.webp" width="640" /></a></div> 2.2. <strong class="mn fs">Pie Chart</strong><p></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="0299">The
 pie chart displays the data in a circular format. The graph is divided 
into pieces where each piece is proportional to the fraction of the 
complete category. So each slice of the pie in the pie chart is relative
 to categories size. The entire pie is 100 percent and when you add up 
each of the pie slices then it should also add up to 100.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="785e">Pie charts are used to understand how a group is broken down into small pieces.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQF7S9TmqMLXhpgopXRbmn-Zs5aTM6NJcjjNCnSs9sF1Scvg0ukSdlXONQdNvpz4q9puctdWdqEPcM9u7nJ_5-olLAx29P2KkmdmfRZOjdE7KpvN9fm3qfpxLuVdyKhVSUBEDLhyZ79RPhR-OjIC0mLL-ioJIsc1gizhbf8qq1WlS1nxc3GA2hrCX5RQY/s533/pi%20chart.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="533" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQF7S9TmqMLXhpgopXRbmn-Zs5aTM6NJcjjNCnSs9sF1Scvg0ukSdlXONQdNvpz4q9puctdWdqEPcM9u7nJ_5-olLAx29P2KkmdmfRZOjdE7KpvN9fm3qfpxLuVdyKhVSUBEDLhyZ79RPhR-OjIC0mLL-ioJIsc1gizhbf8qq1WlS1nxc3GA2hrCX5RQY/s320/pi%20chart.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c"> 2.3. <strong class="mn fs">Histogram</strong></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fff7">The
 histogram is the same as a bar chart which analysis the data counts. 
The bar graph will count against categories and the histogram displays 
the categories into bins. The bin is capable of showing the number of 
data positions, the range, or the interval.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c" style="text-align: center;"> </p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvT0NawfTQePyje12BjTsphJjlTM4zq_NOcFADnawa2ejW94VkUYqU3xv4KmtgODP2F_WcrWipIJ-Wk5rLYClpGGdrtK38C7uYXDL_syyWNtAbzchzGEZW1mnDjKjqQ5te-VxF-p9VV8QTzUjtvCV9ZFb_ypjt4FxsdUJ4-cONK2HSx_mHhS2dIZO5fWc/s516/bar%20graph.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="516" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvT0NawfTQePyje12BjTsphJjlTM4zq_NOcFADnawa2ejW94VkUYqU3xv4KmtgODP2F_WcrWipIJ-Wk5rLYClpGGdrtK38C7uYXDL_syyWNtAbzchzGEZW1mnDjKjqQ5te-VxF-p9VV8QTzUjtvCV9ZFb_ypjt4FxsdUJ4-cONK2HSx_mHhS2dIZO5fWc/s320/bar%20graph.png" width="320" /></a></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c" style="text-align: center;"> Fig:4</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c"> If you are displaying an interval/ratio variable, a histogram is likely to be employed. Figure 4, which was also generated by SPSS, uses the same data and categories as Table 1.<br /><br /> As with the bar chart, the bars represent the relative size of each of the age bands. However, note that, with the histogram, there is no space between the bars, whereas there is a space between the bars of a bar chart.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c">Histograms are produced in quantitative data analysis, for interval/ratio variables, whereas bar charts are produced for nominal and ordinal variables.</p><h3 class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c" style="text-align: left;">3. Measures of central tendency<br /></h3><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c">Measures of central tendency encapsulate in one figure a value that is typical for a distribution of values three different forms of average are recognized. </p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c">The arithmetic mean, the average of a distribution, is used to represent the average age of a sample. In fig-4, the mean is 33.6, indicating a nearly 34-year-old average age. <br /><br />The median, the midpoint of a distribution, is less affected by outliers and can be used for both interval/ratio and ordinal variables. In the case of fig-4, the median is 31.<br /><br />The mode, the value most frequently occurring in a distribution, is 28 and can be used for all types of variables. These measures help in understanding the distribution and its characteristics. <br /></p><h3 class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c" style="text-align: left;"> 4. Measures of Dispersion in Sample Analysis<br /></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Measures of dispersion can help draw contrasts between similar distributions of values.</li><li>The range, the difference between the maximum and minimum value in a distribution, is the most common method.</li><li>The range for cardiovascular equipment is 64 minutes, while for weights machines it is 48 minutes.</li><li>Outliers can influence the range, as seen in the fig-5</li><li>Standard deviation, the average variation around the mean, is another measure of dispersion.</li><li>The standard deviation for cardiovascular equipment is 9.9 minutes, while for weights equipment it is 8 minutes.</li><li>Outliers can affect the standard deviation, but their impact is offset by dividing by the number of values in the distribution.</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHOoeAZRgzWDY7J6GrHgLWq4NnXJNwieebJI2_uUnqiOR8HYJQ9Iv_ihIIEebAnhZkRuYvvG-iZwh1MYMAKdSD3dT7Ig0MBA-6_Pz0ENNPu7jdPJDx-WjSaY7Jqm7FnTBWhBkElvn-53of8qPqwlkcvWub6L2cpQ2dHdfbPB0H3Aa9hg1WaNSlaJrZLA/s1062/Box%20Plot.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="1062" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHOoeAZRgzWDY7J6GrHgLWq4NnXJNwieebJI2_uUnqiOR8HYJQ9Iv_ihIIEebAnhZkRuYvvG-iZwh1MYMAKdSD3dT7Ig0MBA-6_Pz0ENNPu7jdPJDx-WjSaY7Jqm7FnTBWhBkElvn-53of8qPqwlkcvWub6L2cpQ2dHdfbPB0H3Aa9hg1WaNSlaJrZLA/w640-h436/Box%20Plot.png" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure-5<br /></div><br /><div><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ml mm fr mn b mo oo mq mr ms op mu mv mw oq my mz na or nc nd ne os ng nh ni fk bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="393c">Boxplot Analysis in Data Analysis<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Boxplot is a popular tool for displaying interval/ratio variables.</li><li>It provides indication of central tendency (median) and dispersion (range).</li><li>It also identifies outliers.</li><li>Example: Boxplot for gym usage: Outlier: case 41.</li><li>Box represents middle 50% of users.</li><li>Upper line indicates greatest use within 50%.</li><li>Lower line indicates least use within 50%.</li><li>Median line indicates median.</li><li>Lines upwards and downwards indicate usage levels.</li><li>Boxplots display central tendency and dispersion.</li><li>Box and median are closer to the bottom end of the distribution, suggesting less variation below the median.</li></ul></div>

Research Methodology Univariate analysis (frequency tables, bar charts, pie charts, percentages)

Univariate Analysis Overview A basic statistical data analysis technique. Data contains only one variable, excluding cause and effect relat...

AP RCET 2024 Question Papers With Preliminary Keys

18.5.24 dodda venkatareddy 0

<h2 class="pageheading">Master Question Papers With Preliminary Keys for APRCET 2023-24</h2>
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                                               <h6 class="pageheading"> <span style="font-size: 15px;">02/05/2024 (Thursday) Session-I:  9.00am to 11.00am</span> </h6>                                               
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                                                                         04
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                                                                         Buddhist Studies
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                                                                            13
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                                                                            International and Area Studies
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                                                                             16
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                                                                             Library and Information Science
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                                                                            21
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                                                                            Philosophy
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                                                                                 Physical Education
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                                                                             Public Administration
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                                                                     38
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                                                                     Botany
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                                                                    39
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                                                                    Chemical Sciences
                                                                </td>
		<td>
                                                                    <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lNP1r8UweF1iHlAOAfkXede8acmHqCWB/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                    40
                                                                </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                    Computer Science & Applications
                                                                </td>
		<td>
                                                                    <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1k77oSzvbdYYRvl-Uxh07te-QHu19XGdN/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                    58
                                                                </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                    Mechanical Engineering
                                                                </td>
		<td>
                                                                    <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y_vrZ5qwGLt_N5J9U14mn1XKjn06Hk-8/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                </td>
	</tr>
</tbody></table>

</div>
                                            </div>
                                                </div>
                                        </div>                                      
                                        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12">
                                            <div class="row" style="margin: 0px;">
                                                <div class="table-responsive" style="text-align: center;">
                                                    <div class="col-md-12">
                                                        <h6 class="pageheading"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> 02/05/2024 (Thursday) Session-II:  2.30pm to 4.30pm</span> </h6>
                                                    <table class="table table-bordered table-striped" id="RCETPageContent_Table1">
	<tbody><tr>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                    Subject Id
                                                                </th>
		<th>
                                                                    Subject
                                                                </th>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                <br /></th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                   07
                                                               </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                   Education
                                                               </td>
		<td>
                                                                   <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ciit49RYsFbCDYyeXHGyV1qeDwSliSqU/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                               </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                            10
                                                        </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                           Folklore
                                                        </td>
		<td>
                                                            <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rylKDh_M0Gav1xm88DyPHaNAbewqKHSU/view?usp=sharing">View</a>
                                                        </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                      14
                                                                  </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                      Journalism and Mass Communication
                                                                  </td>
		<td>
                                                                      <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/178F_98UNI_OcwIrfwybjXaIWeHF4ks1V/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                  </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        20
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Performing Arts
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/13Tg-segRaYv4Yzf7LM6ZfTUzKoB7rgAb/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                         32
                                                                     </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                         Sociology
                                                                     </td>
		<td>
                                                                         <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CsXnZCO1vstUp1GdbSy5j-_0GAwGcRRw/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                     </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                    41
                                                                </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                    Electronics and Instrumentation
                                                                </td>
		<td>
                                                                    <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HJjuqtjOjysh1uIYWE6E5GI0vlyxW3Si/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                   44
                                                               </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                  Geology
                                                               </td>
		<td>
                                                                   <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IyqDNDPSL4HAgyk06NJ4XXBLQm9R4vZm/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                               </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                    45
                                                                </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                    Home Science
                                                                </td>
		<td>
                                                                    <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DmUAfAX4SIF9h1X4eFdpV-9EtZwUv7aT/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                </td>
	</tr>
</tbody></table>

</div>
                                                </div>
                                            </div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12">
                                                <div class="row" style="margin: 0px;">
                                                    <div class="table-responsive" style="text-align: center;">
                                                        <div class="col-md-12">
                                                            <h6 class="pageheading"> <span style="font-size: 15px;">03-05-2024 (Friday) Session-I: 9.00am to 11.00am</span> </h6>
                                                        <table class="table table-bordered table-striped" id="RCETPageContent_Table2">
	<tbody><tr>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                        Subject Id
                                                                    </th>
		<th>
                                                                        Subject
                                                                    </th>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                    <br /></th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                          05
                                                                      </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                          Commerce
                                                                      </td>
		<td>
                                                                          <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emXcX-ojmLLK_X87KGrjVdEH3VlVchVZ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                      </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                         08
                                                                     </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                         English
                                                                     </td>
		<td>
                                                                         <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ytV-nJrgMAeuQje-0pTwkvaJhNTdgMpe/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                     </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                          30
                                                                      </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                          Sanskrit
                                                                      </td>
		<td>
                                                                          <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/135ra2gA3gZ2M10utRfR7hHGLG23XbGcF/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                      </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                                    34
                                                                                </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                                    Tourism Management
                                                                                </td>
		<td>
                                                                                    <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WEiDakXHyY-0hTbqYzTyhsTlqhlKjMvw/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                                </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                                 43
                                                                             </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                                 Geography
                                                                             </td>
		<td>
                                                                                 <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/16IKM1lW_ZUhhQaNvIjLOVLhJmpOzaS1C/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                             </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        46
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Material Science & NanoTechnology
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uuud3ZralutpDc1gwlyPgifm1Pdzs8b4/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                            50
                                                                        </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                            Statistics
                                                                        </td>
		<td>
                                                                            <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Cz-AebddQSPEXFkq1ur28qdUu7yCGLBm/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                        </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                              52
                                                                          </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                              Civil Engineering
                                                                          </td>
		<td>
                                                                              <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O02qAGiM63jwRSRqXuK8hArA6qs0ltJL/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                          </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                          57
                                                                      </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                          Food Technology
                                                                      </td>
		<td>
                                                                          <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cUSsxhDgOifN4FibaGXZ6Dzxz5oJtFc9/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                      </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        62
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Bio Technology
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LDMt-cloLBgCoYWIk6-SJxsJx8lg2QIV/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
</tbody></table>

</div>
                                                    </div>
                                            </div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12">
                                                <div class="row" style="margin: 0px;">
                                                    <div class="table-responsive" style="text-align: center;">
                                                        <div class="col-md-12">
                                                            <h6 class="pageheading"> <span style="font-size: 15px;">03-05-2024 (Friday) Session-II: 2.30pm to 4.30pm</span> </h6>
                                                        <table class="table table-bordered table-striped" id="RCETPageContent_Table3">
	<tbody><tr>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                        Subject Id
                                                                    </th>
		<th>
                                                                        Subject
                                                                    </th>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                    <br /></th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                    09
                                                                </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                    Fine Arts
                                                                </td>
		<td>
                                                                    <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o6ljN1pxD9QhcydG82aqmKttNUGBS-kt/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                         11
                                                                     </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                         Hindi
                                                                     </td>
		<td>
                                                                         <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FFnlTNIiXKWnPmpSroQUjI_ke7LUOw3o/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                     </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             12
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             History
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bKOz-OKn7pyzhJ5heQUsWtSLG7yu6eFD/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             17
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             Lingustics
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CsrN9wnl9OOzmQEJ7KHQrwfZ5a3CVOEa/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                                     25
                                                                                 </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                                     psychology
                                                                                 </td>
		<td>
                                                                                     <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/12RigXvN09wJysuDRIU_qg1LmezHpaZE5/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                                 </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        36
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Applied Life Sciences
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1W_4j92SLeP0TaFra3ZZkZQa5upsNynjF/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                            48
                                                                        </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                            Physics
                                                                        </td>
		<td>
                                                                            <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SO7fgXmeO0mZ1kLE0YbYLkdLrg59BcUg/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                        </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                         59
                                                                     </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Metallurgical Engineering
                                                                     </td>
		<td>
                                                                         <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Wa3oKdoHMqyjYGCEEs9_Biyp9RgZBeic/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                     </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                                             65
                                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                                             Mahatma Jyothirao Phule Studies
                                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                                             <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Hum-EdCAJjAn1Cv4GTxMgEPSJYhfjJBN/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        67
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Geo Engineering
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SeT9r_rYV2FF1EeoDXfI5Vj40SToGkSS/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">View</a>
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
</tbody></table>

</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                </div>
                                            </div>
                                        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12">
                                                <div class="row" style="margin: 0px;">
                                                    <div class="table-responsive" style="text-align: center;">
                                                        <div class="col-md-12">
                                                            <h6 class="pageheading"> <span style="font-size: 15px;">04-05-2024 (Saturday) Session-I: 9.00am to 11.00am </span></h6>
                                                        <table class="table table-bordered table-striped" id="RCETPageContent_Table4">
	<tbody><tr>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                        Subject Id
                                                                    </th>
		<th>
                                                                        Subject
                                                                    </th>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                    <br /></th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        01
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Adult Education
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        View
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                       02
                                                                   </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                       Anthropology
                                                                   </td>
		<td>
                                                                       View
                                                                   </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                         18
                                                                     </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                         Management
                                                                     </td>
		<td>
                                                                         View
                                                                     </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                         27
                                                                     </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                         Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Studies
                                                                     </td>
		<td>
                                                                         View
                                                                     </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                            29
                                                                        </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                            Rural Development
                                                                        </td>
		<td>
                                                                            View
                                                                        </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             42
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             Environmental Science
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             View
                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             47
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             Mathematics
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             View
                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        53
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Chemical Engineering
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        View
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        56
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Electronics & Communication Engineering
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        View
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
</tbody></table>

</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                </div>
                                            </div>
                                        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12">
                                                <div class="row" style="margin: 0px;">
                                                    <div class="table-responsive" style="text-align: center;">
                                                        <div class="col-md-12">
                                                            <h6 class="pageheading"> <span style="font-size: 15px;">04-05-2024 (Saturday) Session-II: 2.30pm to 4.30pm</span> </h6>
                                                        <table class="table table-bordered table-striped" id="RCETPageContent_Table5">
	<tbody><tr>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                        Subject Id
                                                                    </th>
		<th>
                                                                        Subject
                                                                    </th>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                    <br /></th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                          06
                                                                      </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                          Economics
                                                                      </td>
		<td>
                                                                          View
                                                                      </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                                 15
                                                                             </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                                 Law
                                                                             </td>
		<td>
                                                                                 View
                                                                             </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                          19
                                                                      </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                          Music
                                                                      </td>
		<td>
                                                                          View
                                                                      </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                              23
                                                                          </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                              Political Science
                                                                          </td>
		<td>
                                                                              View
                                                                          </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        49
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Sericulture
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        View
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             51
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             Zoology
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             View
                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        54
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Computer Science and Engineering
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        View
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                              28
                                                                          </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                              Dr. Babu Jagajivan Ram Chair
                                                                          </td>
		<td>
                                                                              View
                                                                          </td>
	</tr>
</tbody></table>

</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                </div>
                                            </div>
                                        
                                                    
                                                        
                                                            
                                                                <h6 class="pageheading"> <span style="font-size: 15px;">05-05-2024 (Sunday) Session-I: 9.00am to 11.00am</span> </h6>
                                                            
	<table class="table table-bordered table-striped" id="RCETPageContent_Table6"><tbody><tr>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                            Subject Id
                                                                        </th>
		<th>
                                                                            Subject
                                                                        </th>
		<th style="width: 10%;">
                                                                        <br /></th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                            31
                                                                        </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                            Social Work
                                                                        </td>
		<td>
                                                                            View
                                                                        </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        33
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                        Telugu
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        View
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                            35
                                                                        </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                            Women's Studies
                                                                        </td>
		<td>
                                                                            View
                                                                        </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                        37
                                                                    </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                       Bio Chemistry
                                                                    </td>
		<td>
                                                                        View
                                                                    </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                            55
                                                                        </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                            Electrical and Electronics Engineering
                                                                        </td>
		<td>
                                                                            View
                                                                        </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             60
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             Marine Engineering
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             View
                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             61
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             Pharmacy
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             View
                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             66
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             Urdu
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             View
                                                                         </td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
                                                                             68
                                                                         </td>
		<td class="subjectclass">
                                                                             Meteorology and Physical Oceanography
                                                                         </td>
		<td>
                                                                             View</td></tr></tbody></table>

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